Genetics and Heredity Answer Key

**DO NOT WRITE ON QUIZ BOOKLET** Genetics - The Study of Heredity Unit Exam (75 Points) DIRECTIONS: Read the passage to assist in answering questions #1 - #13. Johann Mendel was born on July 22, 1822 in Hyncice, Silesia, the Hapsburg Empire, Austria. His mother was Rosine and his father, Anton. He had two elder sisters, Veronica and Theresia. When he was old enough, Johann went to the local school. His teachers soon realized his brilliance, and recommended him to a higher-level school, the “Gymnasium”, which was 36 kilometers from his home. The Mendels were poor, but they managed to scrape up some money for his tuition. He spent six years there, and graduated in 1840. Every morning, Gregor got up at six o’clock and went straight to the library to study. He studied theology, physiology, and natural sciences. He also taught 20 Latin, Greek, and mathematics classes a week to students at the monastery school. Johann wanted to continue his education, but his father was seriously injured by a falling tree, and wanted him to take over the farm for a while. Luckily, his sister Veronica had been married while he was at school, and her husband offered to take the farm for a while. His other sister, Theresia, offered him part of her dowry money so he could go to University. In turn, he agreed to put her children all the way through school. In 1843 Johann entered a monastery to become a monk. As the tradition goes, he took a new name, Gregor. The first experiments Mendel conducted used mice. He was interested in the inheritance of the color of the mice’s coats.Then Mendel began studying plants. He chose the common garden pea, of the genus Pisum, to experiment on. First he chose seven characteristics to look at: the position of the flowers on the stem, the stem length, the color of the unripe pod, the shape of the ripe seed, the color of the seed coat, the shape of the ripe pod, and the color of the ripe seed. Then he planted his first generation of peas and watched them grow. For two years he kept planting the seeds to make sure they were pure breeding, that is, they always produced offspring that had the same characteristics as their parent plants – this was the first clever bit (know what you are ‘starting with’). Then he “began” his experiments. The first of the experiments that he conducted cross pollinated plants with round seeds and plants with wrinkled seeds. The resulting plants produced all round seeds! The next year he grew plants from these round seeds and produced more seeds. This time there were 5474 round seeds and 1850 wrinkled seeds, making a 3:1 ratio of round to wrinkled seeds. Mendel was fascinated! It seemed that the wrinkled trait, which seemed to have disappeared in the first generation of offspring, reappeared in the second generation. He called the round trait “dominating” and the wrinkled trait “recessive.” Mendel repeated the experiment with the other six characteristics and got the same 3:1 ratios. By 1863, Mendel’s experiments with peas were finally complete. He didn’t know that he was studying what we now know as genes, but he knew that every plant had two factors that determined its appearance for a particular characteristic, one inherited from each parent. He learned that these factors could be dominant or recessive, and that when a plant inherited both a dominant and a recessive factor, the recessive factor was masked but could reappear in a later generation. In 1865 Mendel gave two lectures about his experiments, but he used formulas no one understood, and confused his audience. His results were published the following year but few people seem to read them. His work was almost forgotten for the next 30 years. In 1900 three biologists, Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich Tschermak, working independently, rediscovered Mendel’s principles of inheritance. They were dismayed to find that a mere monk, who had died 15 years earlier, had already published their discoveries. Today Mendel’s work is world-renowned and has inspired generations of modern geneticists. He is considered by many as the Father of Genetics. Page 1 of 6 1. Gregor Mendel tested for which of the following traits? (Choose the BEST answer) A. Pollinated plants, dominant plants, recessive plants, hybrid plants, round seeds, and wrinkled seeds B. Flower color, flower position, seed color, seed shape, pod shape, pod color, and plant height (GREGOR MENDEL - FATHER OF GENETICS NOTES) C. Dominant plants, recessive plants, hybrid plants, round seeds, and wrinkled seeds D. Flower position, seed color, wrinkled seed, pod shape, pod color, and pollination levels 2. Gregor Mendel is best known for the following contribution: A. Developing the Law of Inheritance identifying that physical traits are inherited as particles (chromosomes and DNA). (GREGOR MENDEL - FATHER OF GENETICS NOTES) B. He was the first to identify that the structure of DNA is actually a double helix, looking a twisted ladder. C. Developing the Law of Conservation of Dominance where two alleles come from each parent. D. Developing the Law of Mixed Genes identifying that recessive offspring must have a hybrid parent. Mendel determined that parents can have specific traits that are then passed on somewhat to their children. However, not everything is passed on, only some of these particular traits. He figured out that there are two types of law that pertain to genetics, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Dominance. 3. The Law of Dominance says that though there are two different genes carried by each parent, when they reproduce into a ? , only one of each of the parents’ two genes will be dominant, and the other genes will be hidden. The Law of Segregation says that when two ? try to reproduce, the one gene from each parent that is hidden in the Law of Dominance will be able to be seen in some of the offspring. A. Homozygous B. Recessive C. Incomplete Dominance D. Hybrid 4. What are useful for finding the probabilities of traits expressing themselves within offspring? A. Pedigree B. Punnett Square (PEDIGREE NOTES) C. Cladogram D. Heredity 5. An organism’s inherited combination of alleles is called? A. Genotype (GREGOR MENDEL - FATHER OF GENETICS NOTES) B. Phenotype C. Heredity D. Genetic coding Page 2 of 6 6. An organism’s inherited appearance is called? A. Genotype B. Phenotype (GREGOR MENDEL - FATHER OF GENETICS NOTES) C. Heredity D. Genetic coding 7. Based on the image, which is TRUE of the offspring? A. 25% Homozygous Dominant, 75% Heterozygous B. 75% Homozygous Dominant, 25% Heterozygous C. 25% Homozygous Dominant, 50% Heterozygous, 25% Homozygous Recessive (PUNNETT EXERCISES) D. 25% Homozygous Dominant, 25% Heterozygous, 50% Homozygous Recessive 8. Based on the image, which is TRUE of the offspring? A. 25% white, 25% purple, 50% blue B. 25% white, 75% purple (GREGOR MENDEL - FATHER OF GENETICS NOTES) C. 50% white, 50% purple D. 25% white, 25% blue, 50% purple (B dominant for purple) 9. Based on figure 1, Hemophilia in the royal family is carried on what chromosome? A. X (AMOEBA SISTERS BLOOD VIDEO RECAP) B. Y 10. Based on figure 1, Albert and Victoria must be what? A. Non-Carriers B. Carriers (PEDIGREE NOTES) 11. Based on figure 1, Generation III position 6 must be? A. Recessive Male B. Homozygous Dominant Male C. Homozygous Dominant Female D. Heterozygous Female (PEDIGREE NOTES) E. Recessive Female 12. Who has traits that are all dominant? A. A man who has curly black hair with a widow’s peak (VARIATIONS ON A HUMAN FACE) B. A boy who has curly black hair without a widow’s peak C. A woman who has curly black hair with a widow’s peak D. A girl who has curly black hair without a widow’s peak E. A young boy who has straight black hair without a widow’s peak Page 3 of 6 13. Who has traits that are all dominant? A. A man who has green eyes with his eyebrow hair darker than his brown hair B. A boy who has dark brown eyes with his eyebrow hair darker than his black hair (VARIATIONS ON A HUMAN FACE) C. A woman who has green eyes with her eyebrow hair darker than her brown hair D. A girl who has dark brown eyes with her eyebrow hair darker than her black hair The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of ? . The bases are known by their coded letters --- A, G, T, and C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to ? . Guanine will only bond with ? . This is known as the ? . The bases can occur in any order along a strand of DNA. The order of these bases is the code that contains the instructions. 14. The corresponding answers found in the passage are? A. protein bases, uracil, thymine, nucleotides B. protein bases, uracil, cytosine, “Base-Pair Rule” C. nitrogen bases, thymine, cytosine, nucleotides D. nitrogen bases, thymine, cytosine, “Base-Pair Rule” (NUCLEIC ACIDS) 15. In the image shown, the original sequence of DNA should have replicated as an identical strand. What happened instead? A. Incomplete Dominance B. Messenger RNA C. Mutation (PEDIGREE NOTES) 16. In the image shown, what should the correct pairing for the original sequence be? A. UTTGUCGTCCU B. ATTGACGTCCA (NUCLEIC ACIDS) C. AUUGACGUCCA In 1953, ? established the structure of DNA. The shape of DNA is a double helix, which is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is a pentose called deoxyribose. 17. The corresponding answer found in the passage is? A. Watson and Crick (NUCLEIC ACIDS) B. Franklin and Wilkins C. Hershey and Chase D. Mendel and Darwin Page 4 of 6 ? is a complex, living tissue that contains many cell types and proteins. A transporter, regulator, and defender, ? courses through the body carrying out many important functions. Distinct molecules called agglutinogens (a type of antigen) are attached to the surface of ? . There are two different types of agglutinogens, type “A” and type “B”. Each type has different properties. 18. The corresponding answers found in the passage in order are? A. blood, enzymes, white blood cells B. blood, blood, red blood cells (BLOOD NOTES) C. blood, enzymes, red blood cells D. blood, blood, white blood cells There are two special blood types when it comes to blood transfusions. People with type O blood are ? because there are no molecules on the surface of the red blood cells that can trigger an immune response. People with type AB blood are ? because they do not have any antibodies that will recognize type A or B surface molecules. People who are Rh negative can receive ? . 19. The corresponding answers found in the passage in order are? A. Universal donors, universal recipients, Rh negative only (BLOOD NOTES) B. Universal recipients, universal donors, RH negative only C. Universal donors, universal recipients, Rh positive and RH negative D. Universal recipients, universal donors, RH positive and RH negative A small pool of blood and a weapon was found near a garbage dumpster. After examining the area, the CSI on the scene discovered a body in the garbage dumpster and identified him as Earnest “OneEyed” Earl. Earl had a wound to his chest that will be analyzed by the medical examiner. The CSI tested ? from the blood pool scene to determine the blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects. In addition they analyzed the ? found on the weapon and the ? on the ground near dumpster to help identify patterns to figure out how the crime might have happened. 20. The corresponding answers found in the passage in order are? A. Blood droplets, blood sample, blood spatter B. Blood spatter, blood sample, blood droplets C. Blood samples, blood droplets, blood spatter (BLOOD NOTES) Organisms that use light energy from the sun to produce food are called ? and those that cannot use the sun’s energy to make food are called ? . ? is the process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into the energy of ? , which occurs in the of ? plants. ? is the pigment inside the ? that absorbs light for photosynthesis. 21. The corresponding answers found in the passage in order are? A. heterotrophs, autotrophs, cellular respiration, pigment, chloroplasts, chlorophyll, chloroplasts B. autotrophs, heterotrophs, photosynthesis, glucose, chloroplasts, chlorophyll, chloroplasts (PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION NOTES) C. autotrophs, heterotrophs, cellular respiration, glucose, chloroplasts, chlorophyll, chloroplasts D. heterotrophs, autotrophs, photosynthesis, pigment, chloroplasts, chlorophyll, chloroplasts Page 5 of 6 22. What occurs in ALL cells and can take place either with or without oxygen in the mitochondria producing ATP? A. Interphase B. Cellular division C. Pigmentation D. Cellular respiration (PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION NOTES) 23. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Organisms develop acquired traits and they cannot be passed on to offspring. B. Because inherited traits are coded in the DNA, they cannot be passed on to the next generation. (ACQUIRED VS. INHERITED TRAITS NOTES) C. Inherited traits are coded in your DNA that are received from an organism’s biological parents, which is sometimes called instinct. D. Traits can be behavioral which describe the way something acts or something that was learned. E. Traits can be physical which describes the way something looks or describes the internal structure. Thrombocytes also known as ? are the clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood. Erythrocytes also known as ? , which are the most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. ? is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. Leukocytes also known as ? are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. 24. The corresponding answers found in the passage in order are? A. platelets, red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells (BLOOD NOTES) B. red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets C. white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma, platelets D. plasma, red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells 25. A segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein is called? A. Allele B. Trait C. Chromatid D. Gene (NUCLEIC ACIDS) Page 6 of 6