1. What is the scientific study of life called? Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing the study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. 2. What are emergent properties? Emergent properties are characteristics that emerge from the interaction of parts as complexity increases, leading to new properties that are not present in the individual parts. 3. What is the link between structure and function? The link between structure and function in living organisms is that the structure of an organism provides insight into its function. This relationship is fundamental to understanding how living organisms carry out their essential processes. 4. What are the subgroups of the domain Eukarya? The subgroups of the domain Eukarya are Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia, and Protist. 5. What are organisms composed of? Organisms are composed of atoms, which are the basic building blocks of matter. 6. How many covalent bonds can Carbon make? Carbon can make 4 covalent bonds, allowing it to form stable compounds with other elements. 7. What are the two (2) types of covalent bonds? The two types of covalent bonds are polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. These bonds differ in terms of electron sharing and electronegativity. 8. What are the starting molecules of a chemical reaction called? The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called reactants. Reactants are the substances that participate in a chemical reaction and are transformed into products. 9. Define surface tension. Surface tension is defined as a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. It is caused by the cohesive forces between liquid molecules, which create a thin, strong layer at the surface of the liquid. 10. What is the relationship between a hydrogen ion and a proton? A hydrogen ion is essentially a proton, as it is a positively charged ion formed when a hydrogen atom loses an electron. 11. What is the pH value when the hydronium ion concentration increases? When the hydronium ion concentration increases, the pH value of the solution also increases, indicating a more acidic environment. 12. Catabolic pathways are described as what? Catabolic pathways are described as downhill reactions because they involve the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds, releasing energy in the process. 13. When Delta G is negative, what does that indicate or suggest? When Delta G is negative, it indicates that processes are spontaneous, meaning they can occur without the input of additional energy. 14. What is the composition of ATP? ATP is composed of a ribose sugar, Adenine nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups, which are essential for its energy-carrying function. 15. What is phosphorylation as it occurs in chemical reactions? Phosphorylation refers to the attachment of a phosphate group to another molecule to facilitate a chemical reaction. This process is essential for the activation of many biological molecules and is a key step in energy transfer within cells.

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