The Epic Apush Eras - Lecture Notes

The Epic APUSH Eras 1491- 1607 - Arrival of Europeans Earliest interactions between indigenous Americans and Europeans was with the Spanish and was characterized by disease, coerced labor, and ethnic hierarchy 1607- 1754 - Arrival of colonies Deciding why they came here Anne hudginson- creating diff colonies for a lot of diff British colonies developed independently from each other, with northern colonies focused more on establishing family farms and trade while southern colonies used enslaved black labor to develop plantation agriculture 1754-1800 - - - The American revolution and early constitution Finding our voice as a country The colonies united hoping to achieve, first, better representation within and eventually independence from Britain They had conflicting visions for the new nation which created a series of compromises between those who wanted a powerful federal government and those who wanted most of the power to rest in individual states Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) and how Spain didn’t want to be the third wheel After the revolution and the constitutional convention, Washington is going to send diplomats to Europe to try to fix some of the economic and political issues with other nations John j helps to create jay’s treaty, a treaty with Britain, super controversial and very ineffectivebut, when Spain hears this treaty took place, they felt motivated to make a treaty with the us so they aren’t the third wheel in this relationship, they agreed to a more successful and substantial treaty called Pinckney’s treaty which reopened the Mississippi river and port of new Orleans for commerce for the us This allowed for significant economic opportunity especially for western farmers Republican Motherhood - An idea that came out of the American revolution as the ideas of liberty and equality started to influence other groups of people It both reinforces stereotypical roles for women while also providing another opportunity for them The ideology that women are essential to a republic and play a really big role- raise their sons to be the future leaders of America- but to do so they must be well educated It reinforces the domestic role of women by keeping them in the home and elevating their sons to a higher position than daughter but also provides an opportunity for women to learn 1800-1848- early republic - - - - - - - - - Jeffersonian democracy, war of 1812, Louisiana purchase, Jackson democracy The nation expanded physically through negotiations and conquest: democratically as the “common man” participated and felt better represented by the government: and ideologically as nationalism and religious and social movements created a uniquely American culture Henry clay’s American system Overall purpose- to foster more independence in self sufficiency with the American economy B- Bank of the United States (was going to help foster commerce and regulate the economy as a whole) I- Internal improvements (federally funded transportation developments like canals, railroads, and national roads- this would increase the ability of goods to be bought and sold throughout the US) T- Tariffs (protective tariffs that were designed to improve reliance on American goods- made European goods more expensive so people buy American industry goods instead) Albany Plan of Union A plan proposed by ben franklin at the outside of the French and Indian (7 years) war when there was brewing conflict between the British and the French and several American Indian tribes During this time period, franklin, through his Pennsylvania gazette, is going to propose that the colonists join or die and the goal is that the colonies will have a grad counsel, the first proposal of a collective government to represent al, the colonies in the British north America The plan did not succeed because not only was it the first proposal BUT ALSO the influence of the Iroquois confederacy upon this plan- the ideas of democracy and federalism that they used influenced the future government of America] Election of 1824 There were 4 major candidates, and all were democratic republicans- John Quincy Adams, henry clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson (who wins the majority of popular and electoral vote but does not win the 31 necessary to win the election) Henry clay is out, the top three go to the house of representatives The corrupt bargain- clay may have directed his supporters to vote for john Quincy Adams and after john wins the election, he makes clay his secretary of state 5 days later Jackson goes on rampage and says election was stolen from him and he wants to protect common man- wants to make democracy for more people Marbury v Madison John Adams is trying to leave a legacy of federalists so he creates the midnight judges and gives them their appointments in the judicial system However, they don’t receive their appointments before he exits the office Thomas Jefferson comes in and blocks the appointments The case goes to the supreme court when Marbury declares he should have his position They use judicial review to determine that the law that created the position in the first place was unconstitutional - - - - - - Political parties First party system (1792-1824): federalists (supporting a strong national gov) and democratic republicans (support states rights) Era of good feelings (1816-1824): the federalist go away, but with the advent of Andrew Jacksons presidency in 1828, we see the development of the whigs primarily led by henry clay supporting a strong fed gov (similar to feds) and also have a strong support for the American system which included the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements, anti indian removal- ends in 1854 Democrats- strong focus on states focus but large focus on wealth disparity trying to create more opportunities for the common person especially frontier people out in the west), anti-American system, especially against the national bank and federally funded internal improvements Andrew Jackson Bank war- believed the bank was unconstitutional so he vetoed congress’s bill to recharter the second bank of the US which led to the charter expiring and the bank going bankrupt known as the bank of 1837 Indian removal- congress passed the Indian removal act of 1830 requiring American Indians to move to Indian territory west of the Mississippi; the Cherokee resisted their forced removal through Worchester v Georgia, a supreme court case in 1832 where chief justice john Marshall allowed the Cherokee to maintain their lands and sovereignty. However, Andrew Jackson refused to uphold and enforce that decision thus sending the Cherokee on the trail of tears. Nullification crisis- South Carolina is going to nullify or declare void a federal law, the tariff od abominations/ 1832; Jackson threatens to send out the military for South Carolina to follow the tariff and declares their behavior treasonous Henry clay comes in with his one of his compromises, the compromise of 1833 which gradually reduces the tariff over the next decade thus preventing military action as South Carolina agrees to follow the tariff 1844-1877 civil war and reconstruction - - - Emerging as a new better more modern country As the US added more territory, sectional identities grew and historic disagreements over states rights came to head over the issue of slavery The civil war represented the breakdown of those earlier constitutional compromises and the reconstruction period failed to implement lasting changes to guarantee the rights of newly freed black Americans Manifest Destiny Aligned to the idea of American exceptionalism, that America has been destined or fated by god to spread across the continent all the way to the pacific ocean Became relevant after the war of 1812 More democrats would’ve been in favor of manifest destiny than whigs Famous angel lady pic: westward expansion, lady Columbia shown very angelic so has angelic feel, aspects of technology Emancipation proclamation Lincoln doesn’t think he has the constitutional power to actually end slavery - - - - - - - - - There is boarder states that are still part of the US but actually still have slavery in them and Lincoln does not want to anger them and push them to join the confederacy After the battle of antetool, Lincoln thinks he has the momentum necessary to end slavery but he only does this in the states that are in rebellion to the US which he uses as a military action rather than a constitutional actions and so, southerners aren’t just going to free their slaves and so the union military as they travel through the south, will be freeing slaves as they go Allowing for African Americans to join the union army to bring a huge boost Southern Homefront opposition during the civil war Ex: subversion by enslaved people- going to have a massive economic impact on the southern ability to wage war as the enslaved people refused to work, damaged property, ran way, and eventually enlisted in the union army Opposition to a strong central government- the confederacy was requesting that planters would shift from cotton to food crops so they could feed the soldiers which they were unwilling to do and they also opposed high taxes and they opposed the way that the confederacy was impressing their enslaved population to build military fortifications to help with the war effort Southern unionists who were southerners supporting the union army- how west Virginia split away from Virginia to join the union; we see 10s of thousands of people who would secretly oppose confederate efforts during the war Northern Homefront opposition during the civil war The copperheads/ peace democrats- copperhead ia a type of venomous snake found in north America and this is given to a group of democrats in the north that want peace with the south, believing that the cost of the war is not worth the benefits Depicted as attacking lady liberty and all the ideas behind American democracy Lincolns suspension of habius corpus (the rights of people against imprisonment)- Lincoln used this to imprison people for criticizing the war Draft riots- can pay to hire substitutes to get out of the draft if you’re wealthy, led to very violent and destructive riots in the north Mexican Cession The land that was taken from Mexico as a result of the Mexican American war in 1848 and part of the treaty Guadalupe hidalgo When the treaty was signed, we see many Americans moving into these western territories (California gold rush, forty niners) and as these regions began to grow in American population, we see these territories applying for statehood When California applies for statehood, it reinvigorates the question over the expansion of slavery- should it spread? Should it not? Should it stay where it is? Brings debate into congress and rids of gag rule in place where congress couldn’t debate on slavery Nativism The policy or preference for people born native to a country over foreign populations- white Americans born here Huge rise because of rapid immigration that occurred in the early 1800s- year by year, rapid increase Many people struggled in adapting ot these changing demographics so there’s a backlash against these changes which leads to attitudes against foreign born migrants - Know nothings- rises up to oppose immigration and increase restriction 1865- 1898 gilded age - - - - - - - - - An unregulated (and often corrupt) political system fostered rapid economic growth but it came at a high cost to immigrants, minority groups, and the lower classes The people’s (populist party)- rose in the late 1800s and primarily composed of midwestern and southern farmers initially It rose in response to some economic conditions that really effected farmers: overproduction of crops caused by new technologies, lack of competition from railroads that’s causing a rise in prices One of the major things this party desires is a change in the US monetary policy- want to shift from gold standard to adding a silver standard as well, which will increase the amount of moneywhile this will lead to inflation, want to pay back loans and make higher prices for their crops Main candidate is William Jennings Brand and he runs in the 1896 election unsuccessfully with the democratic party Political machines Happening in period of industrialization where the city is growing so quickly that the infrastructure is unable to keep up with it so there’s serious problems with sewage, transit, and sanitation These group of people try to exchange services for votes- immigrants targeted, promise to reduce these problems/ services in exchange for their vote/ loyalty to the power Leads to intense corruption- boss tweed, the political boss of the political machine tamani hall in NY, is in a courthouse scam where the taxes for the building cost three million while the taxpayers are charged 13 million Rampant corruption as political parties gain power Key conepts Westward expansion, industrial capitalism, reform Technological advances, large scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rigse of industrial capitalism in the US The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the US and caused dramatic social and cultural change The gilded age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic policies Gilded age To guild something means to cover it in a thin layer something in gold to give it afalse sense of brilliance (ex-pennies are covered in thin layer of copper to make them appear better than they really are) Massive economic boom after civil war to around 1900 and to an outsider looking at America, it looks wealthy and prosperous, but when you actually dig in deeper- you find that the disperity of wealth between those in the upper and lower class is massive Transcontinental railroad One of most significant engineering feats of the 19th century which highlights the importance of technology during this era - - Its development began during the civil war when congress passed the pacific railway act of 1862which provided federal subsidies in the form of land grants and money to companies to complete this railroad The land on either side of the railroad was given to companies so they can then sell the land and make money Economic effects: reduced time and cost of transporting people and goods led to increase in communication and commerce between out hemispheres and also especially trade with Asia; increased migration to the west and we also see significant harmful effects on the way of life for American Indians 1890- 1945 - - Doing a lot of diff things at once Elanor Roosevelt Leaving ww2 era and looking inward trying to figure out how to make ourselves better Also looking at outside world to see how we could make it better Cold war The US turned away from its tradition of isolationism to develop an empire that relied on continued trade with other major powers, even though this meant the country would be pulled into global conflicts Key concepts Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform US society and its economic system Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture while significsnt changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the US into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world Changes in US foreign policy 1945-1980 golden age - Established the US as a global superpower with the most advanced economy in the world However, tensions and social movements at home and cold war competition abroad divided the population, politically and culturally, more than it ever had been 1980- present - Endings and knowing when its time to go Globalization led to changes to traditional american economy and a rising threat from enemies who targeted the US as the symbol of western capitalism and the only remaining superpower in the post-cold war world Contextualization Prior to American revolution - French and Indian war Development of the English colonies (autonomous development of each one)- some of them are really independent, compared to Virginia and the Carolinas which are controlled by the crown In 1775 we had new England with the Boston tea party, but the rest of the country weren’t ready to break away from the crown just yet Bacons rebellion- the authority in Virginia is cracking down on colonists moving west Economically, always a favorable relationship between the colonies and the mother countrymay not need Britain for trade and once navigation acts were put in place, they were ready to break away from their rule Market revolution/ unit 4 - Prior to the market revolution (1820s) that builds up to it Westward expansion into Ohio river valley War of 1812 (for Ohio river valley) Louisiana purchase- since without it you cant expand westward Outcome Independence opportunity to trade freely Less foreign interference Impressment Jeffersons embargo act War of 1812 Can now trade back and forth between the east and west (via transportation revolution) Outcomes it Westward expansion (railroad takes Americans further west to California) Civil war Second industrial revolution New resources, new opportunities Development of steel- made transportation more easier and faster Third industrial revolution - Automobile, radio, electronic gadgets, fan, iron, electricity Industrialization World power