Xinhai Revolution

Xinhai Revolution The Qing Dynasty Connection to the Xinhai Revolution - more direct causes of the 1911 revolution date to the later part of the 19th century - After the defeat of the Boxer Uprising, the Qing court nally began a series of late enforcements Meanwhile, the Qing’s oppositions increased The The The revolution of 1911 was really the rst in a series of revolutions that were needed to establish a republic on unsecured foundations - This revolution’s victory, which came with the resignation of the last Manchu (of the Manchu dynasty) in February of 1912, was only stable after an agreement with the military strongman = Yuan Shikai - Yuan Shikai = commander of most of the Qing military forces + he agreed to stop ghting the revolutionaries after he was to become the, provisional, president of the new republic - Yuan however, had di erent ideas of what a republic would be + a second revolution against Yuan toke out + before his death, in 1916, he declared himself emperor - - The Chinese Revolution - fi fi - fi - fi - fi - fi - China’s revolution= to free itself from foreign control + build a strong and modern nation Sun Yat-sen = the great leader of the revolution + died in 1925 Democracy movement =China is still far from it’s goal Sun Yat-sen = today people are still ghting for his principals West impact = china weakened = postpone the day of a new government to replace the Manchu Dynasty The west = helped bring about the Chinese Revolution Chinese who went to study or came in contact with western education = realized that china must develop a strong government along western lines + take place in modern world Modern trade + industry in the treaty ports = entirely new class in China New class = middle class = merchants + manufacturers + bankers = business with the west Middle class = leadership + money for nationalist movement = organized under National People’s Party National People’s Party = Kuomintang (in Chinese) Political genius of the revolution = Sun Yat-Sen = a physician who studied in Hawaii + HongKong He built a politically disciplined revolutionary party + worked out a theory of the aims of the Chinese Revolution + developed methods to achieve them Aims = “Three Principles of the People” = “Nationalism, Democracy, and People’s Livelihood” “The rst revolution in 1911 aimed to rid the country of the Manchus” + to set u a republic on the governments of US + Britain It was simple to overthrow the Manchu dynasty = it fell because it was too rotten to stand Forming a strong representative government = not simple + not yet been completed First fteen years after 1911 a little progress was made = the period of the war lords, politicians w/ private armies Various foreign governments = dealings with one war lord or another in search of someone who could become the dictator of China ff - - Japan = strived to have policies of always supporting more than one war lord + Japan didn’t want uni ed dictatorship more than any unities in China - Nationalists, under Sun Yat-sen, were slowly having popular support + they needed help from abroad in order to overthrow the war lords + set up a strong central government - After appealing in vain to US, Britain, Japan they turned to Soviet Russia - Sun Yat-sen invited Russian technical + political advisers to come to Canton + reorganize Kuomintang (People’s party) to build a revolutionary army. - The Chinese Communist Party, organized in 1921, was allowed into partnerships with the Kuomintang + helped organize factory workers + peasants to assist them in the revolution - The Second Revolution United China - 1926 army of Nationalist, under the leaderships of a young general “Chiangmai Kai-sheik”, began to march north from canton to bring all of China together - Ahead of them were an army of propagandist who awoke the people against the war lord armies (who were not bound together by patriotism or nationalism) - The rapid advance of the Northern Expedition slowed after Hankow, Nanking and Shanghai were occupied - As the advanced up the railway from Nanking towards Tintsien and Peking the Japanese military forces, in the province of Shantung, blocked a provoking armed clash - North China was in threat of a war against Japan + the threat o an involvement of British + US - They didn’t want to see a new government in China under Communist or Russian in uence - “Chiangmai Kai-sheck felt he couldn’t a ord to turn away Britain, America, and his landlord. - fi fi fl - fl - fi - ff - ff - + growing capitalist class who had become alarmed be the growing left wing of the Kuomintang (the Communist, students, and intellectuals)” Kuomintang = wanting to base the power on the peasants and workers of China “He therefore decided to break with Russia and to destroy the Chinese Communists” Russian ed = thousands of Communist were killed + the right wing of Kuomintang set up government in Nanking 1928 = tthe present Nationalist government of China was founded + was immediately recognized by those with great power The struggle = Chinese Communist + government lasted til 1928 to 1937 (“United front was formed to face the growing menace of Japan.”) Preparing for the storm Nanking government = one party government —> controlled by Kuomintang It’s leaders = one stood out = the supreme representative of that China generation = Chiangmai Kai-shek Kai -shek = balance di erent forces from old China and the new China = wedding them into something new Chiang Kai-shek = cam into power in 1923 = he knew he would neeed to ght Japan He was given 3 years to build an army before Japan invaded Manchuria (only 9 years before it broke out in full fury in the summer of 1937) Japan’s imperialist ambitions = clear China out “During the rst World War Japan had presented to China her “Twenty-one Demands” which, if granted, would have given Japan a stranglehold over China.” states the author America and Britain temporarily saved that situation + China never forgot the illustration of Japan’s intentions Next 10 years = Japan did all they could to interfere with Nationalist movement After 1928 the Nationalist government had two main polices = modernize the country + bring it all under administrative control to the central government Khan academy - Qing dynasty was getting weaker - the emperor were not adding modernism to china 1911 - Wuchang uprising which lead to the fall of the Qing Dynasty 1912 = the republic of China was established in Manging First president of the republic of China is Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen stroke a deal with Yuan Shikai = Yuan Shikai becomes the president of the republic of China = then is called an emperor 1916 = Yuan Shikai dies The armies were controlled by various war lords in various regions Bering of the war lord era (because of Yuan declaring he was an emperor) Sun Yat-sen goes down south and sets up a revolutionary government = re-establish the republic of China Sun Yat-sen dies in 1928 = cancer The power/movement that he created = Kuomintang = passes onto Chiang Kai-shek The power passes onto him because he was the in control of the military forces of the Kuomintang 1920 - 1928 = collaboration between Kuomintang + the Soviet Union + Chinese party Chiang Kai-shek = 1927 he starts to merge factions + and he goes after the communist 1927 = begging of the civil war 1930 = Japan is trying to push their military onto China’s mainland 1931 = Manchuria in ltration into China = 1937 —> it becomes a full war of Japan + China = sin o-Japanese 1934 = Chiang Kai-shek = the communist are surrounded by the Nationlist party of Kai-shek The Chinese communist party = the long march = their military marches through tough terrain + go to the North West of China During the march = Mao Zedong starts to show leadership 1945 = Sino-Japanese war = Japan loses world war 2 When world war 2 was happening China had a common enemy, Japan When it nished the civil war broke out again 1949 = the communist party = defeated Kuomintang + forced them into a retreat into Taiwan fi fi Chinese revolution (Britannica)) - 1911 - 1812 a nationalist democratic revolt overthrew the Qing (or Manchu) dynasty + in 1912 they created a republic - The revolution occur when an agreement was singed on April 5, 1911 with a four power group of forgiven bankers for the construction (Sichuan) of the Hukwang (Hunguang) railway in central china - The loan sum did not meet the demands of the stockholders dissatisfaction turned into a revolt - October 10, 1911 = the uncovering of the plot in Hankou (along with Wuchang) that had little connection with the Sichuan event + rebellion broke out within the troops of Wuchang = this was the formal beginning of the revolution - The People then captured the Wuchang ‘s weapons + the cites declared against the Qing government - The regent then allowed the assembly’s demand for the adoption of laws and push for a former ruler, Yuan Shikai (to come out of retirement to save the dynasty) - Yuan Shikai was then made premier in November - Yuan Shikai wasted time and by the end of the year 14 provinces had declared against the Qing leadership - In many cites of Manchu military had be defeated and the regent had been forced out of o ce + a republican government had been established in Nanjing + Sun Yat=sen had returned and was elected as provisional president - To unify the country Sun Yat-sen resigned the presidency and Yuan was chosen to take his place + Li Yuanhong, who had came into fame in Wuchang at the start of the rebellion, was elected Vice President - The republic, established with quickness + ease, was heading into to decades to witness the progressive collapse of national togetherness + orderly government - End of an Empire: Fall of the Qing - natural disasters were retributions/revolts = they were direct results of a higheger power proving that China’s ruler was unworthy of their position - In 1911 a sequences of events was trigged + it resulted in the rejection of China’s last emperor = the fall of the Qing dynasty - Many plots were designed to make this happen = accidental bomb explosion - “This revolution would bring down the nal imperial dynasty after having ruled over the empire foe almost 3 centuries” - 1910 = there had been 285 uprisings + rebellions in that year alone = these were sparked by peasants + barley any were meant to entirely reform the empire - Sun Yat-sen = he managed to sway the British government + they would not loan any capital to the Qing anymore Opium war - I'd add that since the Qing were also Manchu, who invaded China in the mid 1600s and wiped out the former Ming Dynasty (I think), the revolutionists might have some prejudice passed down from those events. Also, more recently before the revolution, China lost a couple of wars, which lead to some unfair treaties with foreign powers. China has ruled the dynasty for 2000 years + traded with the west since the 16th century Hatred for rulers + loyalty to Ming Dynasty —————————————————————————————————————————— Other Notes (not as important) ffi - reasoning to war of Xinhai Political opposition to the Qing Dynasty, founded in 1644 Underground secret societies China was defeated by the British in the Opium War of 1839-14 “Japan over Chinese suzerainty on the Korean Peninsula led to a war that sent the Chinese Imperial Navy to the bottom of the Sea of Japan.” States the author The treaty of Shimonoseki = the settle of the Sin-Japanese war (1894-1895) Crisis = xenophobic religious movements Major anti-Qing uprisings took place from 1647-1681 (the Revolt of the Three Feudatories) 1850-1863 (the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in thee deaths of 20 million people) fi - - “Early e orts by the Qing to respond to preponderant Western might fell mostly under the rubric of the “Self-Strengthening Movement,” states the author of SupChina - Self-strengthening movement = western technology = steamships, cannon foundries = protecting the “Chinese essence” - Qing court’s backing = the legation quarter = Beijing (where Westerners held out famously for 100 days before relief arrived) - China’s scholar class = 1898 = leading o cials gained the ear of the emperor - Empress Dowager Cixi = the real power in court = rallied to drive the reform faction out of power (out of country to japan or the executioner block) ffi ff - After defeat of Boxer Uprising = Qing court began series of belated reforms - Qing Court = new army to stop Confucian civil service examination system