Therapy Decisions During Menopause

1) Attachment Anxiety decreases with increasing age. 2) Natalie is showing initial signs of menopause. She decides to do some reading online about menopause and familiarize herself with the causes, symptoms, and treatments related to this process. After reading about the treatment plans and other details online, she decides that she will not opt for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Which of the following is an accurate statement that favors this decision to forego HRT? HRT is less favorable for women who are more than 10 or more years from menopausal onset because of the greater risk for cardiovascular disease. 3) The disease of the eye that is characterized by the deterioration of the macula of the retina that corresponds to the focal center of the visual field is known as Macular Degeneration. 4) Name the leading expert (last name only) who described seven major pathways that adults in their sixties take to retirement. Nancy Schlossberg or Phyllis Moen? 5) As he aged, a grand pianist maintained his status as an admired pianist with a few simple strategies. One of these was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect? Selection 6) Guillermo has taught his apprentices all the specialized techniques he has developed over the years as a carpenter. According to Erikson, he has achieved Work Generativity. 7) LifeSpan refers to the maximum number of years an individual can live. 8) In the Mills College study, women were found to be experiencing a Midlife Consciousness rather than a midlife crisis. 9) Which type of coping involves drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation? Meaning-Making 10) A 49-year-old man is married and has two adolescent children. Based on research into stresses and uplifts among college students and middle-aged adults (Kanner & others, 1981), which of the following daily hassles is this person most likely to face? Concerns about the health of a family member 11) In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist as he aged, a grand pianist used special strategies, such as slowing down before fast segments, thus creating a perception of faster playing. Which factor of Baltes' theory does this reflect? Compensation 12) A couple’s last child has just left home to attend college. Research suggests that with the increased time they are able to spend together, They will experience increased marital satisfaction, provided it is quality time. 13) A 50-year-old has recently started experiencing a few symptoms of menopause. Which of the following symptoms is this person most likely to experience? Hot Flashes 14) What is the term that refers to the midlife transition, for both men and women, in which fertility declines? Climacteric 15) Although Ivy has a great memory for trivia, she has difficulty remembering important events in her life. This person has good Semantic Memory but poor Episodic Memory. 16) Abdiel has three children. According to Erikson, he has achieved Biological Generativity. 17) A man is 83 years old. Since the age of 78, he has deliberately reduced contact with his distant relatives and former work colleagues. He now maintains contact only with close family members and friends. In the context of Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is the most likely reason that this man’s decided to withdraw from social contact? He placed a high value on emotional satisfaction. 18) The type of coping that involves drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in times of chronic stress such as the death of a loved one, is known as Meaning-Making coping. (Note the term is hyphenated.) 19) One study using daily diaries over a one-week period (Almeida & Horn, 2004) found what difference in the experience of stressors between young adults and middle-aged adults? Middle-aged adults experienced more "overload" stressors 20) A 103-year-old centenarian living in Okinawa, Japan, and leads a healthy life. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to this person’s longevity? The person Engages in spiritual practice. 21) Which of the following persons, if born today in the United States, would likely have the highest life expectancy? Susanna, who is a Latino female 22) Name the drug that is a combination of memantine and donepezil and is used to treat Alzheimer disease. Namzaric 23) A couple has always had a very traditional family structure. The husband worked outside the home, and the wife was a homemaker. When the husband retires, which of the following situations is most likely to arise? The wife will become uneasy having the husband around the house all day. 24) According to Erikson, who among the following is most likely to face a conflict between identity and confusion? A 14-year-old who joins a new school after her family's relocation from California to Texas 25) What term refers to perceived control over the environment and confidence in one's ability to produce positive outcomes? Self-Efficacy 26) Name the theorist (last name only) who initiated the Seattle Longitudinal Study that involves extensive evaluations of intellectual abilities in the adult years. Klaus Warner Schaie 27) A person believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals who are peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. This person is a proponent of Socioemotional Selectivity. 28) A 73-year-old woman has a body mass index (BMI) of 23. Her dietician recommends certain measures that she should follow to remain healthy and reduce the risk of disease. Which of the following is the dietician likely to recommend? Maintaining a healthy weight 29) Mrs. Hernandez has considerable pain and inflammation in her wrists, fingers, and knees. It is becoming quite difficult for her to maintain her usual routines as her stiffness increases. Mrs. Hernandez has Arthritis 30) Jacqueline nurtures and guides her children. According to Erik Erikson, she has achieved Parental Generativity. 31) Critics say that the adult stage theories are Male-Biased because they place too much emphasis on achievement and careers. 32) The term for the process of looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them is Life Review. 33) According to Erikson, who among the following is most likely to face a conflict between identity and confusion? A 14-year-old who joins a new school after her family's relocation from California to Texas. 34) A person believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals who are peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. This person is a proponent of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory. 35) A group of women have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have supported each other and shared in each other's joys and sadness. Which model of social relations does this scenario represent? The Convoy Model 36) A man retired from his job at the age of 67. He and his wife have been maintaining a traditional family structure throughout their marriage. While the man went for work, the woman was a homemaker. After retiring from his job, the man was able to maintain marital happiness and led a peaceful life with the woman. Which of the following was the man most likely to have engaged in after retirement? He would have helped the woman around the house. 37) Identify the theorist (last name only) who conducted the "Grant Study" and suggested that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis. George Vaillant 38) Darshana is fun-loving, sociable, and affectionate with all her friends and acquaintances. Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes this aspect of Darshana's personality. Extraversion 39) The type of therapy that involves discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group is Reminiscence Therapy. 40) A group of women have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have supported each other and shared in each other's joys and sadness. Which model of social relations does this scenario represent? The Convoy Model 41) A man retired from his job at the age of 67. He and his wife have been maintaining a traditional family structure throughout their marriage. While the man went for work, the woman was a homemaker. After retiring from his job, the man was able to maintain marital happiness and led a peaceful life with the woman. Which of the following was the man most likely to have engaged in after retirement? He would have helped the woman around the house. 42) According to the text, almost Half of the grandchildren who move in with their grandparents are raised by a single grandmother. 43) What are people who are 85 years and older called? (Note the term should be hyphenated.) Oldest-Old 44) The gene labeled APOE-ε4 is the strongest genetic predictor of late-onset Alzheimer disease. 45) According to Erik Erikson, Generativity refers to an adult's desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation. 46) The cognitive resource that shows considerable decline in late adulthood and is strongly linked to declines in working memory is Perceptual Speed. 47) The type of memory that includes a person's fields of expertise, general academic knowledge of the sort learned in school, and "everyday knowledge" about the meanings of words, the names of famous individuals, the significance of important places, and common things is Semantic Memory. 48) Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which involves Electrodes implanted inside the brain, improves the motor function in Parkinson patients for up to 10 years. 49) The condition common to middle and late adulthood that may lead to diabetes and cardiovascular disease and is characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance is known as Metabolic Syndrome. 50) Shane is 67 years old. Although he does not have any disease, he goes for regular health checkups. Which of the following is likely to be observed in his medical report? His chest has shrunk. 51) Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of Ageism. 52) According to the text Which of the following is a similarity in the cellular clock, free-radical, and mitochondrial theories? They attempt to explain aging at the cellular level. 53) As he looks back at life, Chris realizes that his work was not as important to him as he believed and that he lost too much valuable time with his children. If he could do it over again, he would work less and spend more time with his children. According to Erikson, he is experiencing some degree of Stagnation. 54) A woman is 92 years old. Doctors have found that her optic nerves have been damaged because of accumulation of fluid in the eye. She is worried that she will lose her vision, but the doctors have told her that her condition can be treated with eye drops. The disease that has marred her vision is Glaucoma. 55) The type of dementia that is characterized by muscle tremors, a gradual slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis is called Parkinson’s Disease. 56) Name the Austrian psychiatrist (last name only) who was a concentration camp survivor and wrote the book Man's Search for Meaning, in which he proposed that the human qualities of spirituality, freedom, and responsibility were the key to finding one's true meaning in life (and death). Victor Emil Frankl 57) A married heterosexual couple is in their late sixties. It is likely that as they get older, Both will get shorter. 58) Which disease of the eye is characterized by damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye? Glaucoma 59) According to research (Lie & Wu, 2021), being Physically Active is likely to reduce the risk of Alzheimer disease. 60) A married couple is not letting go of their children, even though the children are now adults and are earning enough to live on their own. They are engaging in Permaparenting. 61) A man has been complaining of irregular and involuntary movement in the right part of his body. The doctors notice that he is also showing signs of slow movement and partial facial paralysis. The chronic and progressive nature of the illness is revealed in the pathological findings. Which of the following conditions does this man most likely suffer from? Parkinson Disease 62) A 69-year-old makes errors while performing tasks. He is unable to detect and correct the errors. He is also unable to deal effectively with difficult or novel circumstances. Given this information, it can be said that He has deficiencies in executive attention. 63) Identify the theorist (last name only) who proposed that middle-aged adults faced the significant issue of generativity versus stagnation. Erik Erikson 64) According to Baltes, in which of the following situations is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious? Being bedridden because of an illness 65) Disorders characterized by a slow onset and a long duration are known as Chronic Disorders. 66) A 91-year-old still drives her car to the senior center every Thursday. Last week, she tells her friends that someone they know from her church died. When they ask her for the person's name she says, "I can't remember her name. She sits near the altar and always has a hat on." Clearly, this woman has better Implicit Memory than Explicit Memory. 67) What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress? Older adults stress hormone levels stay higher longer than younger people 68) As he aged, a grand pianist maintained his status as an admired pianist with a few simple strategies. One of these was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect? Selection 69) What is the term for the group of vitamins that may be able to help slow the aging process and improve the health of older adults? Antioxidants 70) A woman recounts a funny story that she had recently heard to her friend. The friend tells her that he has heard the story before, and, in fact, he had been the one to originally tell the story to her. From the scenario, it can be said that the woman has poor Source Memory. 71) The term coined by Paul Baltes that refers to the culture-based "software programs" of the mind, including reading and writing skills, language comprehension, and daily life skills is Cognitive Pragmatics. 72) Your elderly aunt was recently admitted to a nursing home where there is a "residents' advisory board," consisting of the people who live in the home. The board consults with the staff on changes that affect the residents' lives and help plan the monthly activities. Based on a study by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer, you would expect your aunt to be Happier than she was when she did not have any input into decisions affecting her life. 73) According to the text, less than 20 Percent of grandparents whose grandchildren move in with them are 65 years old or older. 74) As a 51-year-old, a woman can expect certain age-related conditions to affect her, such as loss of strength in her legs and back, and difficulty in viewing objects and hearing clearly. Of the vision-related issues that affect individuals, which of the following is this woman most likely to experience because of her age? Difficulty in viewing close objects 75) Three factors appear to be important in living the "good life" as older adults: health, kinship/support, and Security. 76) The label used to indicate the onset of alcoholism after the age of 65 is Late-onset Alcoholism. (Note the term is hyphenated.) 77) Now that Everly is in late adulthood, socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will Spend most of her time with familiar friends. 78) Lydia has been diagnosed with early macular degeneration. Which of the following treatments is her doctor most likely to recommend? Laser Surgery 79) A chain smoker and has been smoking cigarettes since college. He is currently 50 years old and has been recently diagnosed with erectile dysfunction. He consults his doctor to learn more about his condition. Which of the following would the doctor most likely tell this patient during the consultation? The main treatment for men with erectile dysfunction has focused on Viagra and similar drugs. 80) Which of the following is an example of explicit memory? Recalling what you wore on your first date with your spouse 81) Leisure refers to the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing—hobbies, sports, or reading, for example. 82) According to a 2017 survey (Greenwald, Copeland, & VanDerhei, 2017), what percent of Americans workers feel very confident that they have enough money for a comfortable retirement? (Provide your answer in numeric whole number form, i.e., 1 versus 0.01 for 1%.) 18 Percent 83) Allen can be described as an average American. He is currently 65 years old. He is likely to live 18.4 more years. Hence, it can be said that Allen has a Life Expectancy of 83.4 years 84) When a grand pianist was interviewed at 82 years of age, she said that she spent more time at practice than earlier in her life. This helped maintain her status as an admired concert pianist. Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect? Optimization 85) According to Baltes, in which of the following situations is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious? Being bedridden because of an illness 86) An 80-year-old woman who suffers from dementia. She attends therapy sessions in which the clinician uses photographs and video recordings to encourage discussions about her past activities and experiences. The therapy sessions help reduce her depressive symptoms and improve her self-acceptance. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the clinician is using what kind of therapy? Reminiscence 87) Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of Ageism. 88) At the height of the pandemic, COVID-19 became what rank in the causes of death among older adults? Third-Leading Cause 89) Saeko has committed herself to the continuation and improvement of society as a whole through her connection and relationship with children and grandchildren. According to Erikson, she is Generative. 90) A man is 61 years old. What should he do to delay the onset of physical disability? He should walk regularly 91) A man is in his late seventies. He has a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. This is known as Metabolic Syndrome. 92) Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? Recognizing names and pictures of your classmates many years after they have graduated. 93) A psychologist runs a counseling center for older adults. In this center, the clients meet every week and form groups in which each individual narrates past activities and events. The psychologist encourages the members of the groups to share old photographs related to their life events and tell anecdotes about their experiences. This scenario illustrates the use of Reminiscence Therapy. 94) What is the term that refers to the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all, often taking up to 10 years? Perimenopause 95) A kind and empathetic woman actively participated in fund-raising events for charity organizations even when she was 88 years old. During her middle adulthood, she began caring for others and empathizing with people who were socially disadvantaged. Which of the following psychosocial conflicts did this woman most likely experience that resulted in the resolution mentioned in the scenario? Generativity Versus Stagnation 96) According to research, which of the following is a difference between individuals high in conscientiousness and individuals high in neuroticism? Individuals high in conscientiousness are more likely to live longer, whereas individuals high in neuroticism are more likely to die at a younger age. 97) In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist as he aged, a grand pianist used special strategies, such as slowing down before fast segments, thus creating a perception of faster playing. Which factor of Baltes' theory does this reflect? Compensation 98) A 26-year-old knows that Beijing is the capital of China, but he cannot remember when or where he learned this. This is an example of how semantic memory Is independent of an individual's personal identity with the past. 99) A man is 83 years old. Since the age of 78, he has deliberately reduced contact with his distant relatives and former work colleagues. He now maintains contact only with close family members and friends. In the context of Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is the most likely reason that this man’s decided to withdraw from social contact? He placed a high value on emotional satisfaction. 100) A person believes that the more dynamic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus, this person believes in Activity Theory. 101) One study (Park, 2013) revealed that highly religious individuals were less likely than moderately religious, somewhat religious, and non-religious counterparts to be Psychologically Distressed. 102) The mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information and solve problems is known as Working Memory. 103) Middle Adulthood is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age. 104) A person is 71 years old and has been a chain smoker throughout his adult years. Consequently, he is now unable to clearly see objects that are in close proximity, even though he has relatively normal peripheral vision. The disease that has marred this person’s vision is Macular Degeneration. 105) Jose is a computer programmer who has a passion for creating 3D games. He has the ability to visualize three-dimensional objects and mentally rotate them, which helps him put his ideas and drawings into virtual reality. In the context of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, his mental ability is referred to as Spatial Orientation. 106) Lorenzo was born during the Great Depression in the United States. He and others who were born in the same era show greater cognitive decline than people born at a later time. This illustrates the fact that cohort effects are differences based on Historical Contexts. 107) Which of the following accurately describes the difference in language skills between older adults and younger adults? Older adults' speech is typically lower in volume, slower, and less fluent than younger adults' speech. 108) Miranda is 45 years old. She is a single working mother. Based on research into stresses and uplifts among college students and middle-aged adults (Kanner & others, 1981), which of the following is a daily uplift that Miranda is most likely to experience? Meeting her responsibilities 109) Now that Everly is in late adulthood, socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will Spend most of her time with familiar friends. 110) An 80-year-old woman who suffers from dementia. She attends therapy sessions in which the clinician uses photographs and video recordings to encourage discussions about her past activities and experiences. The therapy sessions help reduce her depressive symptoms and improve her self-acceptance. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the clinician is using what kind of therapy? Reminiscence 111) What is the chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue, often causing older adults to walk with a marked stoop? Osteoporosis 112) A couple has always had a very traditional family structure. The husband worked outside the home, and the wife was a homemaker. When the husband retires, which of the following situations is most likely to arise? The wife will become uneasy having the husband around the house all day. 113) The term for a focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment is Sustained Attention. 114) The type of intelligence that consists of one's ability to reason abstractly is known as Fluid Intelligence. 115) In the context of stress, which of the following is a difference between a fight-or-flight manner and a tend-and-befriend pattern? A fight-or-flight manner involves becoming aggressive and withdrawing from social contact, whereas a tend-and-befriend pattern involves seeking social alliances with others, especially friends. 116) The mental ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli is known as Perceptual Speed. 117) After being confused about her sexual orientation for a long time, a 16-year-old is finally able to identify herself as bisexual. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following is most likely to be true of this person when she reaches old age? She will appreciate the complexity of life. 118) A kind and empathetic woman actively participated in fund-raising events for charity organizations even when she was 88 years old. During her middle adulthood, she began caring for others and empathizing with people who were socially disadvantaged. Which of the following psychosocial conflicts did this woman most likely experience that resulted in the resolution mentioned in the scenario? Generativity Versus Stagnation 119) What term refers to the generation of new neurons? Neurogenesis 120) The type of intelligence that consists of one's accumulated information and verbal skills is known as Crystallized Intelligence. 121) A 60-year-old woman participates in a competition in which people are asked to memorize a list of words and then recall them in the same order in less than two minutes. In this competition, the participant who recalls the maximum number of words in the right order will be the winner. Unfortunately, the woman is not able to recall more than 10 words. In the context of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, Jeanette is most likely showing a decline in the mental ability referred to as Verbal Memory. 122) Churches in Black American and Latino communities provide avenues for meaningful social participation, feelings of power, and a sense of internal satisfaction. 123) In many societies around the world, older adults are the Spiritual Leaders in churches and communities. 124) Which of the following strategies would be most helpful in improving memory in middle age? Use an organization strategy to categorize information to be remembered. 125) A person believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. This person is a proponent of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory. 126) A person believes that the more dynamic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus, this person believes in Activity Theory. 127) An orthopedic surgeon advises her patient who is in his mid-twenties to make some changes to his diet and include exercises in his daily routine, as that would ensure his bone density remains normal. Which of the following might she add in support of her advice? By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly. 128) Karen, aged 21, is a senior in college, but her mother calls her five or six times a day to "check in" and to ask her what she is doing, what she had for lunch, and so on. This type of parenting is called Helicopter parenting. 129) A 46-year-old male is obese and suffers from hypertension. He was recently diagnosed with a condition called metabolic syndrome and was advised to exercise every day as well as eat small and healthy meals. In this scenario, which of the following is this man most likely to suffer from because of his condition? Diabetes and cardiovascular disease 130) Formerly, the later years of life were likely to consist of marriage for men. What did the later years of life likely to consist of for women? Widowhood 131) After being confused about her sexual orientation for a long time, a 16-year-old is finally able to identify herself as bisexual. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following is most likely to be true of this person when she reaches old age? She will appreciate the complexity of life. 132) Stuart is 67 years old, widowed, and lives alone. Recently, he has started drinking too much and frequently engages in binge drinking. Stuart's example presents a case of Lateonset alcoholism. 133) Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's views on midlife? Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis. 134) The type of memory that involves the ability to remember what one needs to do in the future is known as Prospective Memory. 135) A person is conducting a seminar on the importance of investing time in leisure activities. The person explains that a lot of research has been conducted on the importance of leisure activities and that the research findings indicate that middle-aged adults need to make some changes to their current lifestyle. Which of the following research findings would this person most likely mention in this seminar? When those who had worked in occupations with fewer cognitive challenges prior to retirement engaged in physical and cognitive leisure activities during retirement, they showed less cognitive decline. 136) Tasha is 68 years old. A change in her eating behavior over the years has led to harmful weight loss. Which of the following has most likely contributed to her weight loss? Decrease in snacking between meals. 137) A woman in her twenties visits her doctor. The doctor tells her that she is gradually losing muscle mass and strength, especially in her back and legs. Her doctor has advised her to exercise regularly and focus on her diet as a strategy to slow down the decline of muscle mass and strength. Which of the following most likely identifies this woman's condition? Sarcopenia 138) A person believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. This person is a proponent of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory. 139) When a grand pianist was interviewed at 82 years of age, she said that she spent more time at practice than earlier in her life. This helped maintain her status as an admired concert pianist. Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect? Optimization 140) A psychologist runs a counseling center for older adults. In this center, the clients meet every week and form groups in which each individual narrates past activities and events. The psychologist encourages the members of the groups to share old photographs related to their life events and tell anecdotes about their experiences. This scenario illustrates the use of Reminiscence Therapy.