Gender Inequality as a Social Problem - Defining Sex and Gender - Sex is the biological differences between women and men - Gender is the culturally and socially constructed differences between women and Men that are based on meanings, beliefs, and practices that a group or society. Associates with “femininity” or “masculinity.” - Biological and Social Bases for Gender Roles - Primary sex characteristics: the genitalia that are used in the reproductive process - Secondary sex characteristics, the physical traits that, along with the reproductive organs, Identify a person’s sex. - The social basis for gender roles is known as the gender belief system - Gendered division of labor – the process whereby productive tasks are separated on the Basis of gender Gender Inequality and Socialization - Gender socialization by parents - Peers and Gender socialization - Education and Gender socialization - Gender bias – a situation in which favoritism is shown toward one gender - Sports and Gender socialization Traditional Media, social media, and Gender Socialization and Inequality - Traditional media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and books - New media is digital in nature and is composed of blogs, video platforms like YouTube, Streaming services, and eBooks - Social media is a subcategory of new media that includes apps such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp Contemporary Gender Inequality at Work - Patriarchy – a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and Economic structures are controlled by men. - The gendered division of paid work - Pink-collar occupations – relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semiskilled positions that are Held primarily by women. - Contingent work is part time work, temporary work, or subcontracted work that offers Advantages to employers but can be detrimental to workers’ welfare. - The wage gaps - The disparity between women’s and men’s earnings – is the best documented Consequence of gender-segregated work - Comparable worth – the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the Gender or race of the worker Gender Discrimination and Inequalities in Treatment - Sexual harassment - Glass ceiling – the invisible institutional barrier, based on attitudinal or organization bias, That prevents qualified and deserving people from advancing upward to top management. Level positions in their organization - The double shift - Double-shift stress syndrome