Nursing Quiz 4 Study Guide

Quiz 4 Study Guide 1. What is summarized in the results section of a quantitative research article? Statistical analyses 2. When researchers design rigorous study methods, what are they trying to eliminate? Biases 3. What are confidence intervals? Confidence intervals (CIs), by contrast, communicate information about how precise the study results are. 4. What is the meaning of statistical significance? In quantitative studies, results that support the researcher’s hypotheses are described as significant. (Likely that the results are due to chance) 5. What is true about nonsignificant results? This means that any observed difference or relationship could have happened by chance. 6. How is the minimal important change (MIC) traditionally established? Operationalizing clinical significance: establishing the MIC benchmark 7. What is descriptive phenomenology searching for? 8. What is the first major step when undertaking qualitative analysis?  Data is textual  Goal is understanding  Analyses are ongoing and iterative  Member checking (confirmation with respondents) is sometimes used  Approach is inductive 9. What are some of the characteristics of qualitative research design?  Is flexible, capable of adjusting to what is learned during data collection  Often involves triangulating various data collection strategies  Tends to be holistic, striving for an understanding of the whole 10. Which qualitative tradition involves looking at culture? Ethnography 11. Which qualitative tradition strives to understand the lived experience of a particular phenomenon? Phenomenology 12. What is bracketing? Bracketing: the process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study 13. Hermeneutics is closely allied with which research tradition? Phenomenology (interpretive phenomenology (hermeneutics) focuses on interpreting the meaning of experiences, rather than just describing them). 14. Who are the three theorists who developed different schools of thought on the method of phenomenology? Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau – Ponty, Jean -Paul Sartre 15. What are the 4 steps in descriptive phenomenology?  Bracketing: the process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study  Bracketing is used in phenomenological research to help researchers avoid misinterpreting phenomenon as it is being experienced by participants  Intuiting: occurs when researchers remain open to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it  Bracketing is suspending or laying aside what researcher knows about experience being studied.  Analyzing: extracting significant statements, categorizing, and making sense of essential meanings  Describing: defining the phenomenon 16. What are the four levels of measurement of data? Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data. 17. What are continuous variables? A variable that can assume any numeric value within a specified range, or an infinite number of values -Ex. Frequency of exercise: the number of days per week (0-7) you exercise 18. What is a parameter? Description of a population 19. What is a bimodal frequency distribution? 2 peaks 20. What is a standard deviation? The average deviation of scores in a distribution 21. What is meant by “number needed to treat?” Measure used in assessing effectiveness of a health care intervention Average needed to treat to prevent one bad outcome or one additional benefit Questions: What process is associated with descriptive phenomenology? a. Emic perspective b. Bracketing c. Fieldwork d. Lived human relation Grounded Theory Grounded theorists seek to understand a main problem or concern and then to understand the behavior designed to solve it.  Focuses on the discovery of a basic social psychological problem that a defined group of people experience  Elucidates social psychological processes and social structures  Originally developed by sociologists Glaser and Strauss Grounded Theory Methods  Developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967), whose theoretical roots were in symbolic interaction: how people make sense of social interactions  Has contributed to the development of many middle-range theories of phenomena relevant to nurses  Primary data sources: in-depth interviews with 20 to 30 people; may be supplemented with observations, written documents  Data collection, data analysis, and sampling occur simultaneously. Grounded Theory Analysis  Constant comparison: used to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories  Categories elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier so that commonalities and variations can be detected.  Focus is on understanding a central concern or core variable.  A basic social process (BSP) explains how people come to resolve the problem or concern. Alternate Views of Grounded Theory  In 1990, Strauss and Corbin published a controversial book, Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory.  Glaser (1992) believed that Strauss and Corbin developed a method that is not grounded theory but rather what he called “full conceptual description.”  Nurse researchers also use an approach called constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2014). Charmaz regards Glaser and Strauss’ grounded theory as having positivist roots. Other Types of Qualitative Research  Not all qualitative studies are conducted within a disciplinary tradition. Examples include:  Case studies  These focus on a thorough description and explanation of a single case or small number of cases.  Cases can be individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities.  Data often are collected over an extended period. Tell whether the following is statement True or False. When applying grounded theory methods, the researcher obtains the sample first and then collects data. a. True b. False Narrative Analysis  Texts that provide detailed stories are sometimes analyzed through narrative analysis.  There are numerous approaches to analyzing texts. One example is Burke’s pentadic dramatism: analyzes five elements of a story (act, scene, agent, agency, purpose); Descriptive Qualitative Studies  Descriptive qualitative studies tend to be eclectic in their designs and methods and are based on the general premises of constructivist inquiry.  Such descriptive studies seek to holistically describe phenomena as they are perceived by the people who experience them.  The researchers may say that they did a content analysis of the narrative data with the intent of understanding important themes and patterns. Research With Ideological Perspectives   Critical theory research  Concerned with a critique of existing social structures and with envisioning new possibilities  Critical ethnography focuses on raising consciousness in the hope of effecting social change. Transformation is a key objective.  Critical ethnographers attempt to increase the political dimensions of cultural research and undermine oppressive systems Feminist research   Focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women’s lives and their consciousness Participatory Action Research (PAR) is an approach to enquiry which has been used since the 1940s. It involves researchers and participants working together to understand a problematic situation and change it for the better. AR differs from conventional research in three ways. Firstly, it focuses on research whose purpose is to enable action. Action is achieved through a reflective cycle, whereby participants collect and analyse data, then determine what action should follow Which phrase best describes the key objective of critical theory research? a. Long-term data collection b. Gender domination c. Transformation d. Vulnerable groups What are primary research articles? Primary research articles present the results of the author's original research. It is written by the person who did the research, not a secondary source (like a journalist summarizing the study results for their paper, or a literature review summarizing the research others have done on a topic). A primary research article reports on the details and results of a research study. The authors of a primary research journal article are the people who conducted the research. These articles are often (but not always) structured in a standard format called IMRAD, which stands for the sections of the article: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Look for these headings to help you determine if an article is original research. A literature review and meta-analysis are NOT a primary source