AP Biology Unit 2 Assessment

AP Biology Unit 2 Test 2 organelles that contain their own DNA separate from the chromosome Mitochondria and chloroplast What domains fall under prokaryotic cells? Bacteria and archaea What are the basic features of all cells? Membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes This organelle synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies poison, and stores calcium Smooth ER This cell is characterized by having DNA in a nucleus that is bound by a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic cell This is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules Lysosome The __________ is a selective barrier that allows oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the volume of every cell Plasma membrane Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to make what Proteins This cell type is characterized by having no nucleus, but instead a nucleoid, and no membrane bound organelles Prokaryotic cell Diffusion through protein channels is known as what? Facilitated diffusion Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis Nucleolus What happens to a plant cell when placed in pure water (hypotonic solution)? It becomes turgid, cell wall protects from bursting Site of photosynthesis chloroplast These vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell Contractile This ER lacks ribosomes Smooth ER This organelle modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles Golgi apparatus What kind of amino acids will anchor proteins into the membrane? Non-polar What is it called when cells are moving molecules against its concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration? What does it require to do this? Active transport, requires ATP Site of cellular respiration Mitochondria These types of vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis Food The logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets a limit on the size of cells. The ________ to _______ ratio of a cell is critical. Surface area to volume Both animals and plants have _________ that allow molecules to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes. Cell junctions These vacuoles are found in many mature plant cells and they hold organic compounds and water Central What are the 3 main types of membrane receptors? G-protein linked, tyrosine kinases, ion channel Oxidative organelles Peroxisomes What happens when you put a red blood cell in pure water (hypotonic solution)? Why? The cell will burst because water rushes into the cell. The ________ is continuous with the nuclear membrane ER membrane Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is considered hydrophobic? Fatty acid tail Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is considered hydrophilic? Phosphate head How does the membrane become semipermeable to polar molecules? Protein channels _______ is a water channel in bacteria. Aquaporin 1/2 This is the movement of molecules from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration. What type of transport is this? Diffusion, passive transport What is osmosis? Diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane What does hypertonic mean? More solute, less water What does hypotonic mean? Less solute, more water What does isotonic mean? Equal solute, equal water What happens when you water plants with salt water? Why? It will wilt because water will leave the plant and go toward the hypertonic solution (salt water). Signal transduction pathways serve to convert signals on a cell's surface into cellular ________. Responses A _______ is a chemical released by a cell in one part of the body, that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Hormone What are plant hormones called? Phytohormones How are hormones transported? In the blood What are the 3 stages of cell signaling? Reception, transduction, response Reception occurs when a ________ molecule binds to a ______ protein, causing it to change _____. Signal, receptor, shape Membrane receptors that attache phosphates to specific amino acids in proteins are called Receptor tyrosine-kinases The activation of this pathway occurs when a GTP displaces the GDP. G-protein linked receptor pathway Part of the receptr on the cytoplasmic side serves as an enzyme which catalyses the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to a certain amino acid on a substrate protein. This is an example of what signal transduction pathway? Tyrosine kinase receptor pathway This pathway requires formation of a dimer. Tyrosine-kinase pathway The signal molecule that binds to a receptor is typically called a what? Ligand What needs to happen to a receptor to initiate the transduction of a signal? Conformational change (change in shape) What is the formula for solute potential? Ys=-iCRT What is the ionization constant for sucrose? What about NaCl? Sucrose = 1 NaCl = 2 What types of cells typically have a pressure potential? What is this due to? Plant cells due to a cell wall what is the pressure potential of an open beaker? 0 How is temperature measured in the water potential equation? Kelvin If the temperature was 39 degrees C, what is the temperature in Kelvin? 312K What is the cell junction of a plant called? Plasmodesmata What is the cell junction of an animal cell called? Gap junction 2/2