University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 301 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2022
Views:

186

Pages:

11
Author:

5prinzg1s

The heart The outline of the heart can be represented on the surface by the irregular quadrangle bounded by the following four points 2-The 3rd right costal cartilage 0.5in (12mm) from the sternal edge 3-The 6th right costal cartilage 0.5in (12mm) from the sternum 1-The 2nd left costal cartilage 0.5in (12mm) from the edge of the sternum 4-The 5th left intercostal space 3.5in (9cm) from the midline (corresponding to the apex beat) Surface Anatomy of the Heart Valves THE TRICUSPID VALVE lies behind The right half of the sternum opposite The fourth intercostal space THE MITRAL VALVE lies behind The left half of the sternum opposite The fourth costal cartilage THE PULMONARY VALVE lies behind the medial end of the third left costal cartilage and the adjoining part of the sternum THE AORTIC VALVE lies behind the left half of the sternum opposite the third intercostal space Auscultation of the Heart Valves The tricuspid valve is best heard over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum The mitral valve is best heard over the apex beat (at the level of the fifth left intercostal space, 3.5 in. (9 cm) from the midline) left intercostal space The aortic valve is best heard over the medial end of the second right intercostal space The pulmonary valve is heard over the medial end of the second Valvular Heart Murmurs Apart from the sounds of the valves closing, the blood passes through the normal heart silently. Should the valve orifices become narrowed or the valve cusps distorted and shrunken by disease, however, a rippling effect would be set up, leading to turbulence and vibrations that are heard as heart murmurs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SC-NggHZ_ZQ THE RIGHT CONTOUR OF THE CARDIAC X-RAY The upper half of the right contour is formed is straight by the superior vena cava (SVC) The angle between these two contours represents the superior aspect of the right atrium the lower half by the lateral bulges outward wall of the right atrium If the patient takes a deep inspiration, an indentation on the right border of the heart can be seen just above the diaphragm, identifying the junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium On the left side, the uppermost part of the cardiovascular is formed by the distal arch of the aorta as it curves posteriorly and inferiorly to become the descending thoracic aorta. This is seen as a localized bulge extending from the left side of the mediastinum above he right tracheobronchial angle. Immediately below the aortic bulge, the main pulmonary trunk and left main pulmonary artery are border forming. A small segment of the left cardiac silhouette below the pulmonary artery is formed by the left atrial appendage. This segment normally is flat or slightly convex and is continuous with the curve of the left ventricle, which forms the largest part of the left border of the cardiac contour. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) aids in the detection of enlargment of the heart which is most commonly from cardiomagaly but can be due to other processes such as Pericardial effusion is the ratio of maximal horizontal cardiac diameter to maximal horizontal thoracic diameter (inner edge of ribs / edge of pleura). A normal measurement should be <0.5.