University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 301 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2019
Views:

354

Pages:

45
Author:

Carissa Thomas

1 The sinus venosus represent the venous end of the heart It receives 3 veins: 1- Common cardinal vein à body wall 2- Umbilical vein à from placenta 3- Vitelline vein à from yolk sac 2 A-Vitelline Veins (omphalomesenteric) veins 1-The vitelline veins form a plexus around the developing duodenum then it enters the sinus venosus 2-The growing liver cords interrupt the course of the vitelline veins, and form an extensive vascular network 3 THE HEPATIC SINUSOIDS 4 It should be noted that at this time the left sinus horn of the sinus venosus is loosing its importance and blood from the left side of the liver is rechanneled toward the right, resulting in an enlargement of the right vitelline vein Also called (right hepatocardiac channel) Notice how the left vitelline vein Is redirected to the right vitelline vein which is in its turn getting bigger 3-The right hepatocardiac channel forms the hepatocardiac portion of The inferior vena cava 5 4-The proximal part of the left vitelline vein disappears 5- The anastomotic network around the duodenum develops into a single vessel, The portal vein 6- The superior mesenteric vein, which drains the primary intestinal loop, derives from the right vitelline vein 7- The distal portion of the left vitelline vein also disappear 6 Right vitelline vein You should know by now; 1-the origin of all of the following: THE HEPATIC SINUSOIDS The hepatocardiac portion of the inferior vena cava The portal vein The superior mesenteric vein 2- what is the fate of the left vitelline vein The proximal part of the left vitelline vein disappear The distal portion of the left vitelline vein also disappear 7 1-Initially the umbilical veins pass on each side of the liver 3-The proximal part of both umbilical veins disappear B-Umbilical Veins No connection between the sinus venosus and the umbilical veins 2-Some connect to the hepatic sinusoids A Compare between umbilical veins in A and B 8 B 4-The remainder of the right umbilical vein then disappear, so that the left vein is the only one to carry blood from the placenta to the liver 5-With the increase of the placental circulation, a direct communication forms between the left umbilical vein and the right hepatocardiac channel To Form The ductus venosus This vessel bypasses the sinusoidal plexus of the liver and directly connects the left umbilical vein to HEPATIC PORTION OF THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA 6- After birth the left umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated 9 left umbilical vein forms…….. the ligamentum teres hepatis ductus venosus forms……the ligamentum venosum Umbilical Veins 10 C- Cardinal Veins 1-This system consists of: Right and left anterior cardinal veins which drain the cephalic part of the embryo Right and left posterior cardinal veins which drain the rest of the embryo join before entering the sinus horn and form the short right and left common cardinal veins 11 The anterior cardinal veins common cardinal veins The posterior cardinal veins 12 additional veins are formed: 2- During the fourth week, the cardinal veins form a symmetrical system During the fifth to the seventh week a number of additional veins are formed: (a) The subcardinal veins which mainly drain the kidneys (b) The sacrocardinal veins which drain the lower extremities (c) The supracardinal veins which drain the body wall by way of the intercostal veins, taking over the functions of the posterior cardinal veins 13 3-The anastomosis between the anterior cardinal veins develops into the left brachiocephalic vein . 4- Most of the blood from the left side of the head and the left upper extremity is then channeled to the right 14 5- The terminal portion of the left posterior cardinal vein entering into the left brachiocephalic vein is retained as a small vessel, the left superior intercostal vein This vessel receives blood from the second and third intercostal spaces 15 6- The superior vena cava is formed by A-The right common cardinal vein B-The proximal portion of the right anterior cardinal vein A B 16 Clinical correlates Left superior vena cava: Persistence of the left anterior cardinal vein Obliteration of the common cardinal and anterior cardinal veins on the right Double superior vena cava: Persistence of the left anterior cardinal vein Failure of the right brachiocephalic vein to form 7- The anastomosis between the subcardinal veins forms the left renal vein. When this communication has been established, the left subcardinal vein disappears, and only its distal portion remains as the left gonadal vein. ???? Hence the right subcardinal vein becomes the main drainage channel and develops into the renal segment of the inferior vena cava 18 18 8- The anastomosis between the sacrocardinal veins forms The left common iliac vein The right sacrocardinal vein becomes sacrocardinal segment of the inferior vena cava. When the renal segment of the inferior vena cava connects with the hepatic segment, which is derived from the right vitelline vein, the inferior vena cava, consisting of hepatic, renal, and sacrocardinal segments, is complete 19 9- With obliteration of the major portion of the posterior cardinal veins, the supracardinal veins assume a greater role in draining the body wall. The 4th to 11th right intercostal veins empty into the right supracardinal vein, which together with a portion of the posterior cardinal vein forms the azygos vein 10- On the left the 4th to 7th intercostal veins enter into the left supracardinal vein, and the left supracardinal vein, then known as the hemiazygos vein, empties into the azygos vein 20 Clinical correlates Double inferior vena cava: Left sacrocardinal vein remain connected to the left subcardinal vein Absence of the inferior cava : The right subcardinal vein fails to make the connection with the liver AORTIC ARCH SYSTEM The major arteries in an early embryo are represented by a pair of vessels THE DORSAL AORTAE, which run with the long axis of the embryo and form the continuation of the endocardial heart tubes. The cranial portion of each dorsal aorta forms an arc on both sides of the foregut, thus establishing the first pair of aortic arch arteries, termed aortic arches 23 Arterial System • • • • • • • Aortic Arches they run within branchial (pharyngeal) arches These arteries, the aortic arches, arise from the aortic sac, the most distal part of the truncus arteriosus . The aortic sac, giving rise to a total of five pairs of arteries. The pharyngeal arches and their vessels appear in a cranial-to-caudal sequence, so that they are not all present simultaneously. Consequently, the five arches are numbered I, II, III, IV, and VI . During further development, this arterial pattern becomes modified, and some vessels regress completely. • Division of the truncus arteriosus by the aorticopulmonary septum divides the outflow channel of the heart into the ventral aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The aortic sac then forms right and left horns, which subsequently give rise to the brachiocephalic artery and the proximal segment of the aortic arch, respectively . 25 The first pair of arteries largely disappears but remnants of them form part of the maxillary arteries, which supply the ears, teeth, and muscles of the eyes and face Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Dorsal parts of these arteries persist and form the stems of the small stapedial arteries; these small vessels run through the ring of the stapes, a small bone in the middle ear Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Proximal parts of these arteries form THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES Distal parts of these arteries join with the dorsal aortae to form THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES 27 28 Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch • The fourth aortic arch persists on both sides, but its ultimate fate is different on the right and left sides. On the left, it forms part of the arch of the aorta, between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. On the right, it forms the most proximal segment of the right subclavian artery, the distal part of which is formed by a portion of the right dorsal aorta and the seventh intersegmental artery . 1-The proximal part of the arch artery develops from the aortic sac 2- left fourth aortic arch , it forms part of the arch of the aorta, between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. the distal part is derived from the left dorsal aorta 30 The fifth aortic arch either never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses. The sixth aortic arch also known as the pulmonary arch, gives off an important branch that grows toward the developing lung bud . On the right side, the proximal part becomes the proximal segment of the right pulmonary artery. The distal portion of this arch loses its connection with the dorsal aorta and disappears. On the left, the distal part persists during intrauterine life as THE DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS The proximal part of the artery persists as the 31 proximal part of the left pulmonary artery Ø The vitelline arteries, initially a number of paired vessels supplying the yolk sac Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries Ø gradually fuse and form the arteries in the dorsal mesentery of the gut Ø In the adult, they are represented by the celiac and superior mesenteric, arteries. Ø The inferior mesenteric arteries are derived from the umbilical arteries. Ø These 3 vessels supply derivatives of 33 the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, respectively The umbilical arteries • • • The umbilical arteries, initially paired ventral branches of the dorsal aorta, course to the placenta in close association with the allantois . During the fourth week, each artery acquires a secondary connection with the dorsal branch of the aorta, the common iliac artery, and loses its earliest origin. Coarctation of the aorta v is a congenital narrowing of the aorta just proximal, opposite, or distal to the site of attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum.. v However, most constrictions occur distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery, at the entrance of the DA (juxtaductal coarctation). v occurs in approximately 10% of children with CHDs. A classification system of preductal and postductal coarctations is commonly used; however, in 90% of cases, the coarctation is directly opposite the DA. Coarctation occurs two times as often in males as in females, 35 Cause: this condition is believed to result from an unusual quantity of ductus arteriosus muscle tissue in the wall of the aorta. When the ductus arteriosus contracts, the ductal muscle in the aortic wall also contracts, and the aortic lumen becomes narrowed. Later, when fibrosis takes place, the aortic wall also is involved, and permanent narrowing occurs 36 Clinically, the cardinal sign of aortic coarctation is absent or diminished pulses in the femoral arteries of both lower limbs. To compensate for the diminished volume of blood reaching the lower part of the body, an enormous collateral circulation develops, with dilatation of the internal thoracic, subclavian, and posterior intercostal arteries. The dilated intercostal arteries erode the lower borders of the ribs, producing characteristic notching, which is seen on radiographic examination. The condition should be treated surgically 37 38 Ductus Arteriosus and Ligamentum Arteriosum Ø Functional closure of the DA is usually completed 10 to 15 hours after birth. Ø Anatomical closure of the DA and formation of the ligamentum arteriosum usually occurs by the 12th postnatal week 39 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) a common birth defect, occurs two to three times more frequently in females than in males Functional closure of the PDA usually occurs soon after birth; however, if it remains patent (open), aortic blood is shunted into the pulmonary artery 40 PDA is the most common birth defect associated with maternal rubella infection during early pregnancy. Preterm neonates and those born at high altitude may have PDA; this patency is the result of hypoxia (decrease of oxygen) and immaturity. The embryologic basis of PDA is failure of the DA to involute after birth and form the ligamentum arteriosum 41 Arterial systems associated with the fetal heart During fetal circulation, Ø oxygenated blood flood from the placenta to the fetus passes through the umbilical vein. Ø Three vascular shunts develop in the fetal circulation to bypass blood flow around the liver and lungs Ø The ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the sinusoids of the liver into the inferior vena cava and to the right atrium. Ø From the right atrium, oxygenated blood flows mostly through the foramen ovale into the left atrium then left ventricle and into the systemic circulation. Ø The foramen ovale develops during atrial septation to allow oxygenated blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation. Note that this is a right-toleft shunting of blood during fetal life. Ø During fetal circulation, the superior vena cava drains deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs and head into the right atrium. Most of this blood flow is directed into the right ventricle and into the pulmonary trunk. Ø The ductus arteriosus opens into the underside of the aorta just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery and shunts this deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to bypass the pulmonary circulation 42 fetal circulation Circulatory Changes at Birth • During prenatal life, the placental circulation provides the fetus with its oxygen, but after birth, the lungs take on gas exchange. • In the circulatory system, the following changes take place at birth and in the first postnatal months: • (1) the ductus arteriosus closes • (2) the oval foramen closes • (3) the umbilical vein and ductus venosus close and remain as the ligamentum teres hepatis and ligamentum venosum • (4) the umbilical arteries form the medial umbilical ligaments. Ligamentum arteriosum ligamentum venosum ligamentum teres hepatis the umbilical arteries form the medial umbilical ligaments. 46

Development of Major Blood Vessels

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