Introduction of Biology

# Introduction of BioLogy: 1 Properties of Life: @ order Single celled «unicet-lac» organism → muti cerular organism @ Response to stimuli a Ligat Pet Protest is - move tward stimulus → positive response • move 105à irom stimulus → negative response © ReProduction → Duplicating DNA @ Growth and development → organism follow specitic instruction coded forby © Regulation →→ organism aquintent pre regulatory mechanism to coordinate internal function respond to stimuli - cope with environment stress Energy Processing → need Energy for metabolic activity. Some use sun and convert tochemical and the other use chemical from food * nomostasis "Steady state" → ability oforganismto maintain Constant interna Condition # Level of organization: atom →→ molecules cell → Tissue → organ → system → orgame Population → communities → roosyst Biosphere Protein types and function Digestive enzymes Amylase Lipase Pepsin Trypsin → Digestion of food and catabolizing into monomer Transport Hemoglobin Albumin → Carry substances in blood or lymph throughout the body Structural Actin-tubulin → cytoskeleton Keratin Hormones Insulin Thyroxine → Coordinate the activity of many systems Defense Immunoglobulin → Protect the body from foreign pathogens Contractile Actin Myosin → Muscle contraction Storage Legume storage protein → nourishment of embryo/seedling Albumin (white egg) # Reaction Dehydration - monomer Combine with each other using covalent Bond to form Polymer and release H2o as Hydrolysis - Poly mer Broken Down to monome Dynsing H2o → one gain H+ # cytoLogy: @microscope is instrument that magnifies object. and image called micragraph. *Antral 1511 @ Cell theray , Botanist Matthias scheliden > Zoologist Trenday Schwann @all living things are compased of ove or more cells * The cell is Basic unit of Life © new cell arise from pre-existing cells Kunified Cell Theory" theory " 3 Comparsion B/w EnKaryatic - ProKaryotic En Karyotic • Large 10 - 100 Mm • Complex • nucleus " Truen "nuclear Envelfen • Membrane Bound organelles • several chromosom - Largeribosome 8o S • Flagella 9+2 • Cell wall of Plant " celluloser ProKaryotic - Small 0-3- 5 ми • Simple • nucleoid uno nuclear not True EnveloPer - No -Sing le circular divamasame - Small yibosome 70 S - flagella single microtubule - cell wall «Peptidoglycann 'organelles : @ Nucleus « contain genetic material - regulate cell activityr © cytoplasm a most important adivity of- cell - giving cellshape- Keep oxganelles in Place " © cytasol "partos cy toplasm that Does not Contain organelles n @ mitochondria & Contain DNA → self cleavage. a Place of ATP Production * Endo plasmic reticulum not Joined together → VER • multifold • enkar yatic - Synthesize of Protein all Specialized in Production oF Protein • have ribosom SER multifold • eukaryotic steroid hormone "Estrogen - Testosterone" PhosphoLipid - CholestroL "Reproductive organ" •I noribosome @ Ribosome Create Protein Golgi → flat Sac sisternae with Smal hollow sphere verden men on that a * secretory cells Shipping of material from ER 3) Lysosome → • Small vesicle Contain Digestive e golgin enzyme - phagocytic cell Rheumatoid Arthritis Peroxisome → vesicle have enzyme that Crash organic compound H2o2x and Decomposition of toxic into 1o andoz. The text is presented in a list-like format with bullet points. The content focuses on the characteristics and functions of microfilaments, including their size, association with other cellular components, and their role in cell movement and structure. The handwriting is neat and legible. Microfilament narrowest often associated Bear Tensive with myasin ②rigidite and stupe facilitate cell movement structural element of microvilli Intermediate 12 Anchor nucleus and other organelles in Place Bear Tension microtubules Tracks markfull replicated Chromatime to offhsite ends structural element of flagella condrials cilis replicate During ( Centriole cell divatio Osmall hallew Cylindrical organelles nine triplet 9+3 3 Function: • formation of-spindle Fiber •formation of cytoskeleton MTO C Endomembrane System is group of membrane and organelles in Enkaryotic enuclear Envelope Envelope Lysosome-vesicle ER-gelgi- cell membrave exculde mitocho chloroplast. #function: modify-Packag transporttipic and Protein cilia thin thread Project Surface short numerous 9+2 function Trachea ✔oveDirection imovemet of materia The text is arranged in multiple lines with inconsistent spacing. It appears to be a list of terms or concepts related to cell biology, particularly focusing on flagella, cilia, and their functions. #cell membrane: is selective permeability i mean that the membrane allow some material to freely Enter or Leave the cell - while other material cant move Sreely but require use of specialized structure and energy " @ Hydrophobic " water hatingn fatty Acid are epelled by water → TaiL run away from water Solution Hydrophilic i water Loving Phosphate is attracted to water → head turn toward water solution 4 function Of Protein IransPort Channel receptor Carrier Enzyme recognition • Support - stability • Determine which moleenle Cross membrane - no ATP - Transport Passive • High → Low • Down hill • with concentrtion active gradient • need ATP - Low → High - up hill Bulk • Active Transport • ATP facilitated, • against imple liffusion Lipid • 02 • C02 OSmosiS • assit • Ismet • • pump by movement 3Nat 2K+ in *out /1 ATP Carrier. Protein - Sugar -A-As Partialy Permeable menbrane The diagram uses arrows to indicate movement, and terms like "H20" and "cell" are used consistently. Overall, the diagram provides a visual representation of these cellular processes. #Body Planes: @ midsagittal → Divide the Body exactly in 2 SagiHal middle making two equal "Rt. it halves. → Divide the Body into Rt -L+ Portion 3 Frontal → Separate the front from Back « Coronal» anterior - Pesterin E transverse → Divide Animal into upPer and Lovies horizental Cross if angle kabliquen oblign # homostasis: I negative feed Back → Process that changes the Dive tion of stimulus either increase or Decease the Stimulus « stimulus notallowed to continons Before receptor sensedit" ex → PTH - Insulinin @lucke 2 Positive feed Back → maintain the Direction of stimulus, Possibly accelerate ex → coagulation - uterine contraction Cascade During child Birth "oXytocinn negative Feedback are Predominant mechanism of homeostase ectotherms → Dont control their Body Tempture Animal "cold Bleened » 4.homother m "rely on external enviroments → maintain Constant Body Temprature 5.endother m in face of enviromental Change sely on internal Envirament for Body Tempratur 6. PoiKilotherm "exhibit extreme ter pratures → Animal with constant varying internal Temprature heat exchange Radiation " emission of elet magnet, • Eva parationa * heat removed waite sina» Plus d Convection 1 Current af air o Conduction i Conduct From one * ther moregulation conduct from One Surface to another by contact.» Body Temp. Fall Constrict B-Vs no sweat Shivering Body Temp rise So Dralate • sweating Evaporation 1.hematocrite → Percentage of Erythrocyte hematocrite to total Blood Volume 2.Centrifugation erythroliosis Supernatant Precipitate & RBC 45% 3.Erythropiosis → formation of RBC Liver 4.Erythropiotin hormone secreted by Kidney Stimulate Erythropiosis 5.hematopiasis → formation of whole Blood cells 6.Poly Cythemia → Abnormal High RBC ↑ viscosity - Blood flow Sluggish Abnormal Low oxygen-Carrying 7.Anemia ← Capacity "Pale «Pale Shortness of Breath - Satigue x formation of WBC - S 8.Leukopiosis-for,ation of WBC 9.Leucopenia↓ WBC & steroid", Strecer Cancer treatment 10.thrombopiosis formation of PLT 11.thrombopiotin hormone 12.thrombocytopenia-PLT