University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 302 | General Microbiology
Academic year:

2024
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427

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36
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crawniadxfo

ENDORPHIN MICROBIOLOGY Lecture Title :Introduction Part one Lecture Date : 5/7/2021 SHEET NOTE # • In the previous lecture, we said that microorganisms are divided into several categories, including bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and parasites. • In the next slide we'll compare the sizes of microorganisms with each other, the smallest thing, viruses, so they can't be seen with L.M while they can be seen with EM. • Viruses are measured in nanometers, while other microorganisms are measured in micrometers . • Mycoplasma is the smallest type of bacteria and does not have a cell wall, but it can be seen with LM and measured in micrometers. • Scale of Microns 1. Bacteria • Description: prokaryotes, unicellular • Types: Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and acid fast • Nutrient: chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs, • chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs • Durable state: endospores (some) • Diseases: tetanus, botulism, gonorrhea, chlamydia, tuberculosis, etc., SHEET NOTE # • The type of endospores that represents a Durable state is Bacillus Gram-positive • The spores in bacteria are called endospores(they stay inside the bacterial cell),most types of bacteria die except the ones that have endospores. Bacterial Shape and Organization Bacilli Cocci Spiral 2. Algae Description: photosynthetic aquatic eukaryotes, cell walls, both unicellular and multicellular types Types: brown, red, green Nutrient: photoautotrophs Durable state:? Diseases: Some poisonings associated with unicellular types: Alexandrium causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Dinophysis causes Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) 3. Fungi Description: eucaryotes, nutrient absorbers, dry conditions, plant decomposers, cell walls, ~100 human pathogens Types: yeasts (unicellular fungi), molds (filamentous fungi) Nutrient: chemoheterotrophs Durable state: spores (not endospores) Diseases: mycoses: candida, ringworm (pictured), athlete's foot, etc. SHEET NOTE # • Spores spread in the air and are transmitted from human to human. 4. Helminths Description: multicellular animal parasites, engulfers and absorbers Types: flatworms , roundworms Nutrient type: chemoheterotrophs Diseases: trichinosis, hook worm, tape worm, etc. 5. Protozoa Description: unicellular , flagellates, ciliate Types: eucaryotes, engulfers and absorbers, wet conditions, no cell wall, ~30 human pathogens Nutrient :chemoheterotrophs (some classifications include some photoautotrophs as well) Durable state: cysts (some) Diseases: malaria, giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, etc. SHEET NOTE # • Protozoa is a type of Helminths(parasites) characterized as unicellular organism • An example is the amoeba (protect itself by forming cysts, amoeba has trophosite which attacks the intestines and absorbs nutrients) • Amoeba forms cysts to continue life cycle, cysts live for a certain time 6. Viruses Description: viruses are not cells but some viruses do have lipid envelopes (acellular), obligate intracellular parasites Nutrient type: not applicable Durable state: virion particles, some can encase in durable state of host Diseases: common cold, flu, HIV, herpes, chicken pox, etc. , SHEET NOTE # • Viruses are non-living things (Inanimate objects) unless it enters a living cell and controls it, then the cell produces proteins that form the viron that makes up the virus, then the cell explodes and the virus spreads • Every single unit of virus is called virion Naming of Bacteria Scientific nomenclature: each microbe name is composed of 2 parts Genus: Noun and capital Species: lower case Both Italicized or underlined and can be briefed Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Escherichia coli Honors the discoverer, Theodor Eshcerich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon History Aristole (350 BC) believed that living things generate from non-living matters “Spontaneous generation” This belief remained unchallenged for more than 2000 years. Robert Hooke, 1665 Little boxes – cells Cell theory – all living things are made up of cells Francesco Redi, 1668 Meat exposed to flies became infested Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1674 1st person to actually see living microorganisms Wee animalcules John Needham & Lazzaro Spallanzani What causes tiny living things to appear in decaying broth? Needham’s Spontaneous generation Spallazani’s Microbes come from the air Boiling will kill them Louis Pasteur, 1861 Infecting agents present in air Fermentation and Pasteurization #sheet note • Pasteurization Like the process of sterilizing milk. Louis Pasteur discovers that there are microbes in the air. • Pasteurization mainatains the constituents of the milk. Immunity and Vaccination o Individuals who recover from an infectious disease sometimes become immune from future attack o Pasteur try to find a way to prevent fowl cholera in chickens o Inoculation with these neglected cultures made the chickens immune to fowl cholera (The microbes had been weakened or attenuated) o Edward Jenner 1796, inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox (vaccination) Robert Kock, 1876 oExperimented with medium to grow bacteria oUsing agar (a gelatin-like product derived from seaweed) oAdd various nutrients necessary to grow certain organisms. oHe provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax (Koch’s postulates) used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease Robert Kock experiment Koch’s postulates ❑ Pathogen must be present in all cases of disease ❑ Pathogen must be isolated and grown in lab in pure culture ❑ Pathogen from pure cultures must cause disease when inoculated into healthy, susceptible lab animal ❑ Same pathogen must be isolated from the diseased lab animal SHEET NOTE # • Pure culture : a culture in which only one strain or clone is present. • Inoculated: Joseph Lister, 1860 Father of Modern Antisepsis Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant (Phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air Joseph Lister is the first to discover the disinfectants (phenol) Discovery of Antimicrobial Agents Gerhard Domagk, 1932 ▪ Discovered that the dye Prontosil was effective against a wide range of bacteria ▪ Sulfanilamide portion of the Prontosil molecule is responsible for its antibacterial effect (sulfonamides = sulfa drugs) Alexander Fleming, 1928 ▪ Observed that bacterial staphylococci colonies disappearing on plates contaminated with mold ▪ Fleming extracted the compound from the mold responsible for destruction of the bacterial colonies ▪ The product of the mold was named penicillin, after the Penicillium mold from which it was derived #sheet note • How did they discover that penicillin is anti-bacterial? The Scientist was working on bacterial dishes, in one part there was a fungus on it, but there were no bacteria, and it was discovered that the growth of the fungus in this area caused the death of the bacteria, and then they extracted the anti-fungal substance from the fungus. • What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial? Antibiotics are extracted from living organisms such as fungi Either antimicrobial is either synthetic or semi-synthetic Modern Microbiology and Emerging Infectious Diseases • Molecular biology • Immunology • Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering • Laboratory Medicine and pathology • Prevention and treatment New pathogenic microorganism are discovered • AIDS • SARS • New strains of E.coli O157:H7 #sheet note • AIDS or HIV was discovered in 1981 • SARS1 (severe respiratory syndrome )It was discovered in late 2002 and was transmitted by ducks , and the second strain(SARS2) appeared in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and was transmitted by camels. • E.coli O157:H7 that cause diarrhea in children less than two years old Microorganisms are they Good or Bad? Microbes Benefit to Humans ➢Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment ➢Microbes produce various food products cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread, and alcohol ➢Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics ➢Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize (Vitamin b and K) ➢Normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body ➢Using bacteria to control the growth of insects ➢Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes ➢Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins they normally would not produce (insulin) ➢Microbes form the basis of the food chain SHEET NOTE # • On our skin,we have microbial flora like staphylococcus that make isolated layer .

Endorphin Microbiology Introduction Part One

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