Study Guide
Lecture 4 Part 2 Report Main Text Section
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University:
Kentucky State University -
Course:
ENG 216 | Technical Writing Academic year:
2023
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Views:
423
Pages:
37
Author:
Lily Callahan
Part 2: Report Main Text Section Main Text
Test Procedure Section
Format of Analysis Description
Symbols Section
Errors and precision Main Text
1.Test Procedure Section
1- Begin with an introductory paragraph
that describes the kind of data obtained
in the program.
2- Describe clearly the conditions studied in
a few sentences and state your reasons
for selecting these particular conditions. Main Text
3-
Your test procedures should be
described in enough detailed that your
readers can judge the value of the results
and could repeat the experiment.
4- If the procedures are described in detail
in other publications, reference them and
only briefly describe the major steps. Main Text
5- You have to include enough description
to give an overall picture of the operation.
A unique operation will require more
detail.
6- Make sure if your calculations performed
based on conventional or no conventional
methods. Main Text
If
the
calculations
performed
are
conventional , reference the type of analysis
made and include the final equations used.
Non conventional methods are described in
detail (if they are complex and lengthy use
an appendix) Main Text
2. Format of Analysis Description
Presenting results based on a theoretical analysis
required you to replace the experimental description
section by a section that might be entitled “Analysis
Section”.
The Analysis section in the main text then includes: A statement of the problem.
The assumptions and limitations of the analysis.
A brief description of the general analytical method. (Refer
your readers to the appendix for details.) Main Text
The following notes should be taken seriously in
preparing an Analysis section:
Equations must be centered between margins
and set off from the text by spacing.
The introductory material should be presented in
correct grammatical form and may be followed
by a colon, a comma, or no mark of punctuation. Main Text
Good attention should be paid to the Equations
in terms of:
–
–
–
–
–
Their numbering
Their identification
A brace may be used to connect a group of equations
with same number.
Equations in appendixes are usually numbered
according to the appendix in which they appear.(A1,A2)
When a numbered equation is repeated, it must retain
two things:
Its original number.
Its exact form. Examples Examples Examples Examples Examples Example: Discussion: Subdivided
The discussion contains an analysis of the technical issues important to the report. It
supports the main issues of the report by providing evidence and explanations. It
should be subdivided into topics, each with a subheading as follows:
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
–
–
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
–
–
Frequency Domain Analysis of Nonlinear Feedback Systems in Continuous Time.
The Effects of Sampling in Feedback Loop.
The System
System Analysis
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX A – DESCRIBING FUNCTIONS
APPENDIX B – FEEDBACK PROGRAMM Main Text
3. Symbols Section
Use consistent mathematical notation
throughout a report.
If only a few symbols are used, define
each in the text as it first occurs.
If many symbols are used, group their
definitions in a separate section entitled
“Symbols”. Main Text
This section directly follows the introduction or
is either the first or the last appendix.
Make a symbols list an appendix when it
contains more than 30 symbols.
Symbols should be listed in alphabetical order
with English symbols preceding Greek symbols,
capital
symbols
precede
corresponding
lowercase ones, and these are followed by
subscripts and then superscripts. Example: Greek symbols Subscript and superscript Main Text
Acronyms , initialisms, abbreviations ,
and the symbols for chemical elements
and compounds should be defined at
their first occurrence in the Summary and
again in the main text because they are
not defined in the symbols section.
Abbreviate units after numbers (5 m), but
write them out otherwise.( meters) Examples
Acronyms :
CIS : Computer Information System
Abbreviation :
Mr. :Mister
Dr. : Doctor
Initials :
Ahmed M. RADI : MOHAMMED
Examples
Chemical Element :
Ag , Na , Ca
Chemical Compound :
NaCl , CO2 ,NH3
Main Text
4. Errors and Precision
Reports which are concerned with numerical
values then
Accuracy
Precision
Reproducibility
Of the data presented must be clearly stated, and
discrepancies within the data should be
explained. Main Text
Accuracy usually denotes the absolute correctness of the
determination.
Precision generally denotes the extent to which a result is
free from random accidental errors.
Note: A result can be very precise (i.e., all measurements
agree) but also inaccurate because of inherent errors in
measurements.
Reproducibility denotes the agreement, or lack thereof,
between values obtained in like determinations at different
times during the test program. Poor reproducibility may be
the result of either the precision or the accuracy. Accuracy :
How close a measurement to the accepted
value
Precision:
How close together or how repeatable the
results are (Range , Standard Deviation) Good accuracy good precision An example of a sensor with GOOD
accuracy and GOOD precision
Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant
temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is
tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The
temperatures
from
the
test
yield
the
temperatures of: 38.0, 38.0, 37.8, 38.1, 38.0, 37.9,
38.0, 38.2, 38.0, 37.9. This distribution does show
a tendency toward a particular value (high
precision) and is very near the actual
temperature each time (high accuracy). Poor accuracy good precision An example of a sensor with BAD
accuracy and GOOD precision:
Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant
temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is
tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The
temperatures
from
the
test
yield
the
temperatures of : 39.2, 39.3, 39.1, 39.0, 39.1, 39.3,
39.2, 39.1, 39.2, 39.2. This distribution does show
a tendency toward a particular value (high
precision) but every measurement is well off
from the actual temperature (low accuracy). High accuracy poor precision An example of a sensor with GOOD
accuracy and BAD precision:
Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant
temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is
tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The
temperatures
from
the
test
yield
the
temperatures of: 37.8, 38.3, 38.1, 38.0, 37.6, 38.2,
38.0, 38.0, 37.4, 38.3. This distribution shows no
impressive tendency toward a particular value
(lack of precision) but each value does come
close to the actual temperature (high accuracy). Poor accuracy poor precision example of a sensor with BAD accuracy
and BAD precision:
Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant
temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is
tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The
temperatures
from
the
test
yield
the
temperatures of: 39.4, 38.1, 39.3, 37.5, 38.3, 39.1,
37.1, 37.8, 38.8, 39.0. This distribution shows no
tendency toward a particular value (lack of
precision) and does not acceptably match the
actual temperature (lack of accuracy). Main Text
A discussion of accuracy should contain an
analysis of possible errors involved in individual
measurements and how these errors are
reflected in the final results. This generally
expressed as the “maximum probable error”.
A discussion of precision usually involves
comparisons of duplicate results, and the
precision is generally expressed in terms of a
“deviation”. Main Text
Use standard methods of computing
probable errors and deviations whenever
possible, and indicate for your reader the
method used. Main Text
Practical example:
Case Study
The following is a part of your input data. You are
required to calculate the following measures: The Range
The Mean (Average)
The Standard Deviation
After calculation you should discuss your results in
relation to the Accuracy and Precision.
Data: - (32, 71, 64, 50, 48, 63, 38, 41, 47, 52).
Solution
Range = The largest value – the smallest
one
= 71 – 32 = 39
Mean (Average) = Sum of the values / the
values number
X = 506 / 10 = 50.6
Lecture 4 Part 2 Report Main Text Section
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