Key Issue Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse

Key Issue Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? 1. Nearly 46% of the world’s populaon speaks a language belonging to the Indo-European language family. I. DISTRIBUTION OF INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES 2. Of the eight branches of the Indo-European Family, four are widely spoken: Indo-Iranian, Germanic, Romance languages, and Baltoslamic 3. a. Make and label a diagram illustrang the language groups and individual languages of the Germanic Branch. b. Before 1000 CE, the principal language spoken throughout Scandinavia was Old Norse. How/why did four separate languages develop from Old Norse? Through migraon and polical organizaon 4. a. List the five most widely spoken Romance languages. Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian b. Why did these develop separately? Rugged Mountains ranges separated them; isolaon 5. a. Which branch of the Indo-European family has the most speakers? Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Bengali, etc.) b. Make and label a diagram illustrang key language groups and individual languages in this branch. Addionally, take notes on key facts including where it is spoken and what alphabet is used. c. Other important notes regarding languages in India: Hindi=official language of India; but languages change from region to region Name:Dateperiod: 6. a. Languages in the Balto-Slavic Branch are found primarily in Eastern Europe. b. The four groups in the Balto-Slavic Branch are: East, West, South, and Balc c. The most widely spoken language in this branch is Russian from the Eastern group. d. Remember this—this is a common act on the part of many governments, not just Russia. Why did the Soviet Union force nave speakers of other languages to speak in Russian? Did it as a centripetal force e. Why did people in Eastern European countries learn Russian as a second language? They were part of the soviet satellite union or part of the f. Idenfy common languages in the West Slavic group: Polish, Check, and Slovac g. Idenfy common languages in the South Slavic group. Why are these languages, which were once very similar to each other, becoming increasingly different today? Serbo Croaan, 7. What alphabet does English use? Lan or Roman alphabet II. ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF INDO-EUROPEAN 8. Why is it that the origin of language branches, groups, and individual languages can be documented, but language families cannot? Language families predate recorded history 9. From what language did all Romance languages descend? Why Are they called “Romance” languages? Originated from Lan 10. Define Vulgar Lan: 11. Outline the origin and diffusion of Romance Languages from ancient mes thru the 15th century. 12. What evidence suggests a common language origin for all languages in the Indo-European family? 13. What is the name of the (theorecal) common ancestral language for all languages discussed in this key issue of the chapter? Proto-Indo-European language 13. a. Contrast the two theories of the origin of this language in the table below. Name:Dateperiod: Time frame? Nomadic Warrior Theory Who are the Kurgans? (Kurgan Conquest Theory) By Marija Gimbutas How did they diffuse this language? Time frame? Where? Sedentary Farmer Theory (Anatolian/Agriculture Theory) By Colin Renfrew, Russell D. Gray Where? Who are the Anatolians? How did they diffuse this language? b. Which hypothesis appeals more to you: the “war” or the “peace” hypothesis? Why? III. ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF ENGLISH 14. a. What three European peoples originally came together to form the English people and English language? And, where did these people come from? Angles (from Northern Denmark), Jutes (from Southern Denmark), and Saxons (from Northwestern Germany) b. What two subsequent invasions added addional words to the evolving English language? Germans and Normans c. Although classified in the Germanic branch, English actually has a higher percentage of romance branch words. How/why? because it has some words that descent from French 15. How did English become so widely diffused? Give specific examples. England went to N.A. and started Jamestown and defeated France to dominate N.A. making English a principal language. Also, the Brish took over Ireland, South Asia, South Pacific, and Southern & Eastern Africa. Even aer gaining independence, some places kept English as their official language because of the impact the language had on the region. 16. Idenfy each of the following: a. Franglais – is a mix of French and English b. Spanglish – is a mix of Spanish and English c. Denglish – is a mix of German and English Name:Dateperiod: 17. Good to know/remember: “Duetsch” does not refer to the Dutch/people from the Netherlands. Rather, “Duetsch” = German. IV. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH 18. The most important language of internaonal communicaon is English. 19. a. Define a lingua franca: a language of internaonal communicaon, such as English b. Where did this term originate? From Arab traders during the middle ages c. Idenfy four modern lingua francas and the countries/regions in which they are spoken: Swahili in East Africa, Hindi in South Asia, Indonesian in Southeast Asia, and Russian in the former Soviet Union d. Oen, governments will adopt a lingua franca as an official language even though a majority of its people cannot speak it. Why? For government business as well as for commerce