Appendix AT/MG

‭APPENDIX AT/MG‬ ‭ emi-historical sketch of the development of administration from primitive financial‬ S ‭accounting to an administrative information management system‬ ‭We can distinguish seventeen phases that reflect the evolution of accounting from the‬ ‭beginning to the present, namely:‬ ‭1.‬‭Registration of funds, claims and debts;‬ ‭2.‬‭Extension to double-entry bookkeeping;‬ ‭ .‬‭Expansion of the counter value registration for quantitative stock control;‬ 3 ‭4.‬‭Expansion to detailed, organically structured production cost accounting;‬ ‭5.‬‭Introduction of standard costs in administration;‬ ‭ .‬‭Expansion to complete business administration;‬ 6 ‭7.‬‭Side developments outside the equilibrium context;‬ ‭8.‬‭Incorporation of statistical classifications;‬ ‭9.‬ E ‭ xpansion with registrations regarding the available capacity and its‬ ‭reservation for planned activities with specification of time and subsequent‬ ‭progress control;‬ ‭10.‬‭Extension of the administration design to the entire system of internal and‬ ‭external communication by means of data carriers (including forms);‬ ‭11.‬‭Expansion of administrative involvement to the application of fixed decision‬ ‭rules with regard to routine decisions relating to business operations;‬ ‭12.‬‭Expansion of the administration process to test the figures against‬ ‭assessment standards and reporting in accordance with the exception‬ ‭rule;‬ ‭13.‬‭Calculating and expressing the consequences of certain considerations actions‬ ‭or action programs through simulation processes;‬ ‭14.‬‭The systematic selection of the most economical decision from a more or less‬ ‭c omplete series of all conceivable decisions relating to certain elements of‬ ‭business operations;‬ ‭ 5.‬‭Direct communication with operational officials and production machines;‬ 1 ‭16.‬‭Office automation;‬ ‭17.‬‭Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).‬ ‭The integration into a complex administrative information management system‬ ‭ he punch card system has made a major contribution to the current‬ T ‭administrative information provision. How data should be stored depends on‬ ‭several factors:‬ ‭-‬ ‭The frequency with which the machine-readable records must be‬ ‭c onsulted or reproduced;‬ ‭-‬ ‭The relative importance of a short lead time; The‬ ‭-‬ ‭costs of the machine-readable data carrier;‬ ‭-‬ ‭The additional actions that must be performed to identify the data to be‬ ‭c onsulted or reproduced (for example entering a relevant code number);‬ ‭-‬ ‭The facilities necessary to determine the location of the records to be‬ ‭c onsulted or reproduced;‬ ‭-‬ ‭The labor and other costs associated with reproduction.‬ ‭Administrative information technology (BIT)‬ ‭ elow administrative‬‭information technology‬‭(BIT) we mean the whole of organized‬ B ‭knowledge regarding methods and tools that can be applied to effectuate‬ ‭administrative information management processes (BIV processes). The area is‬ ‭limited by the limitations inherent in the BIV processes. It does not include every‬ ‭form of management and control of organizations, nor does it include‬ ‭non-systematic, informal and incidental processes. The definition of administrative‬ ‭information technology given above is broad in scope, in contrast to the concept of‬ ‭information technology (IT), which is specifically aimed at automation. This term‬ ‭has now evolved into ICT (Information, Communication and Technology), as (data)‬ ‭c ommunication is an essential part of the information provision.‬ ‭ he twelve BIV questions asked in Chapter 1 relate to the what, who, where, when, how‬ T ‭and why. The answers to these questions – with the exception of those involving major‬ ‭ones parts of the‬ ‭„how‟ –have been discussed in the previous chapters. So far they are not available in‬ ‭BIT parts of the 'how' are discussed.‬ ‭Schema techniques‬ ‭A ction/process‬ ‭Choice: yes/no‬ ‭Choice (other)‬ ‭Manual action‬ ‭Keyboard/manual input‬ ‭Input/output‬ ‭File‬ ‭Storage outside computer‬ ‭Form‬ ‭Tape‬ ‭Consult data‬ ‭via screen‬ ‭Start/end‬