Professional Ethics in IT

Bacteriology Lecture- 3rd Year (1st Term) INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTION CONTROL AND LABORATORY SAFETY, AND QUALITY CONTROL Lesson 1 Midterm Microbiology - Study of living organisms of microscopic size - STUDY OF MICROBES - Is the study of living organisms of microscopic size. - Microbiology is the study of microbes. Individual microbes car be observed only with the use of various types of microscopes. - Medical microbiology is the subdivision concerned with the causative agents of infectious disease of man, the response of the host to infection and various methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention. ● We learn this to know the causative agents of any infectious diseases and how is it being prevented an - The various categories of microbes include viruses, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and certain types of algae and fungi. Individual microbes can be observed only with the use of various types of microscopes. Medical Microbiology - Subdivision concerned with the causative agents of infectious disease of man, the response of the host to infection and various methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. “Normal Flora” - Normal residents of our inner biomes - Can be opportunistic. - They live normally inside the body but once the immune system is low, they strike or harm the host. MICROBES Pathogens - Microbes that cause disease - Also known as infectious agents - Characteristics: - 3% of known microbes - Distinct shapes - Some produce toxin - Spread easily - Live everywhere - Causes infection and disease Nonpathogens - Microbes that do not cause disease - Ex. Saprophytes - live on dead matter - Characteristics: - Harmless - Can be beneficial - Many live on surface of skin - 70% of all bacteria NOTE: there are some bacteria that affects humans as themselves and some affects humans by the toxins they secrete also called as “Microbial intoxication” - Ex. Shigella- this has a toxin that can affect humans Acellular microbes - Also called as infectious particles Ex. Virus and prions - For a virus to survive, it needs to replicate inside the cell from the host. Keywords: it needs to be INSIDE of a HOST Cellular microbes Ex. bacteria, all archaea, some algae, all protozoa, and some fungi - Also called cellular microorganisms - Divided into two: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Categories of Microbes: 1. Viruses 2. Bacteria 3. Archaea 4. Protozoa 5. Certain types of algae and fungi? The two categories of diseases caused by pathogens Bacteriology Lecture- 3rd Year (1st Term) Made by: Pumicpic, Grazia Lorres A. (BSMT-MED223; NU-MOA) - - Pathogens cause two major types of diseases: Infectious diseases - a type of disease in which a pathogen colonizes a person's body. - Ex. Neisseria, Mycobacteria, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus Microbial intoxications - a type of disease in which a pathogen produces toxin that once ingested by the host can cause an intoxication. Toxin - poisonous molecules produced by microorganisms capable of causing harm to a host (Forbes, 2020). Organism Toxin name Toxin type Clinical significanc e Routinely detected for definitive diagnosis Bacillus anthracis Edema toxin (ET) plus protective antigen (PA) Adenylate cyclase Edema and skin necrosis Yes Lethal toxin (LT) plus PA Metalloprote ase Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin Metalloprote ase Unknown; implicated in diarrhea No Bordetella pertussis Pertussis toxin (PT) ADP-ribosyla tion Tracheobron chitis Yes Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) Adenylate cyclase Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) Metalloprote ase Clostridium botulinum Yes No Muscle paralysis, botulism Yes Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B Glycosylating toxins Diarrhea Yes Clostridium perfringens Perfringens enterotoxin Adenylate cyclase Diarrhea No Perfringolysin O Pore-forming toxin Unknown; may be involved in No History of Microbiology: EARLIEST KNOWN INFECTIOUS DISEASES - The earliest known account of a "pestilence" occurred in Egypt about 3180 BC. This may represent the first recorded epidemic, although words like pestilence and plague were used without definition in early writings. - Around 1900 BC, near the end of the Trojan War, the Greek army was decimated by an epidemic of what is thought to have been bubonic plague. ● The bacteria that cause the plague was Yersinia pestis which was used as a bioterrorism - The Ebers papyrus, describing epidemic fevers, was discovered in a tomb in Thebes, Egypt; it was written around 1500 BC. - A disease thought to be smallpox occurred in China around 1122 BC. - Epidemics of plague occurred in Rome in 790, 710, and 640 BC and in Greece around 430 BC. History of Microbiology - Aside from already mentioned: - There are early accounts of rabies, anthrax, dysentery, smallpox, ergotism, botulism, measles, typhoid fever, typhus fever, diphtheria, and syphilis. - Syphilis -It made its first appearance in Europe in 1493. Many people believe that syphilis was carried to Europe by Native Americans who were brought to Portugal by Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus - First to describe Syphilis Bacteriology Lecture- 3rd Year (1st Term) Made by: Pumicpic, Grazia Lorres A. (BSMT-MED223; NU-MOA) - - Regarded as the "FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY AND PROTOZOOLOGY" He used the term "ANIMALCULES" or the tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope Termed “ANIMALCULES” from the “invisible creatures” described by Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro First true microbiologist FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY AND PROTOZOOLOGY LUCRETIUS (98-55 B.C) and GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553) - They suggested that disease were caused by "invisible creatures" GIROLAMO FRACASTORO - Italian, wrote poems about STDs (Syphilis) "infections result from tiny self- multiplying bodies that can be spread by direct/indirect contact" Aristotle - Created the Theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) - - Abiogenesis = From non-living things It states that life arises from non-living material if it contain "pneuma" (vital heat). The theory suggests that organisms do not descend from other organism or from a parent and only require that certain condition in their environment be fulfilled in order for creation to occur. Living organisms arise from non-living organisms in combination with energy (earth, water, air, vital heat etc.) First one who brought syphilis to Europe - Native Americans First to describe Syphilis - Christopher Columbus ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723) - He is considered as the "first true microbiologist" - He is the first person to observe and accurately describe living microorganisms (rain water, pond, lake, etc.) Francesco Redi Bacteriology Lecture- 3rd Year (1st Term) Made by: Pumicpic, Grazia Lorres A. (BSMT-MED223; NU-MOA) - Experiments with maggots, in which it was revealed that its offspring are flies demonstrated that maggots were the offspring of flies, not products of spontaneous generation John Needham - Experiments with a clean broth that is exposed on air, wherein it became turbid (became blurry). - No fly dropped on his broth so he believes that there is microbes that arose in spontaneous generation. - microbes arose spontaneously in broth from a "life force." Lazzaro Spallanzani - Heated but sealed flasks remain clear, without any signs of spontaneous growth, unless the flask were subsequently opened to the air GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES 1. Leadership and Teamwork 2. Responsible Citizenship 3. Innovation, Creative, and critical thinking 4. Academic and Professional Competence 5. Effective Communication 6. Whole person character 7. Life and Career skill orientation 8. Technological literacy LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895) - exposure of a broth to air was not introducing a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne microorganisms - X Life force - ✓airborne bacterial contamination - He boiled bacteria to sterilize it - “oni vivum ex vivo” : “Life only comes from life” - :Life is a germ, and a germ is life” - THEORY OF BIOGENESIS (making new living things) - Re resolved the issue on spontaneous generation with a series of ingenious and persuasive experience - He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air and can contaminate sterilized solution but air itself does not create microorganism