Introduction to Astronomy - Magnitudes

Physics Department Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department Problem Set 6 Due: Friday, March 24 (in lecture) Reading: Zeilik & Gregory: Complete Chapter 12, read Chapter 13, and start Chapter 14. Problem 1 “Magnitudes” Zeilik & Gregory Chapter 11, problem 11, and optional 12, page 233 & 234. Problem 2 “Planck Distribution” The following two tables list brightness vs. wavelength for two astrophysical phenomena that can be well approximated by Planck (or blackbody) spectra. The first is a G−type star and the other is the cosmic microwave background radiation (left over from the “big bang”) that pervades the universe. Carry out the following for both spectra. a. Plot the spectra (linear brightness vs. linear wavelength for the stellar spectrum; and log brightness vs. log wavelength for the CMB spectrum). We recommend separate plots for the two spectra, each with its own appropriate axes. Draw a smooth curve through the data points. b. Use the Wien displacement law (equation 8­39 in Z&G) to estimate the temperature T . c. Superpose on your plot of part (a) the graph of a Planck spectrum, corresponding to temperature T . Plot enough points so that you can draw a smooth dashed curve to represent the Planck spectrum. Normalize the overall amplitude of the Planck spectrum so that it gives a reasonable fit to the data (equation 8­37b in Z&G). [To do this more professionally, one would use a computer to carry out a formal “least squares” fit to find the Planck function that best fits the data; the free parameters would be T and an overall scale factor.] 1 Cosmic Background G­Star λ(Å) B(λ)a 3000 10.1 3250 23.9 3500 50.6 3750 65.3 4200 111.6 4500 117.0 4700 117.7 5000 114.4 5500 106.1 6000 95.1 7000 68.7 8000 50.2 10000 31.3 11000 25.1 12000 20.7 λ(cm) B(λ)b 2.7 × 10−7 50.0 21.0 8.0 × 10−6 12.0 9.1 × 10−5 8.1 4.0 × 10−4 6.3 1.1 × 10−3 3.0 0.020 1.2 0.74 0.91 0.82 0.35 56 0.33 57 0.26 119 0.20 305 0.15 522 0.13 488 0.116 567 0.114 446 0.100 354 0.071 302 0.048 59 a arbitrary units b arbitrary units; from Smoot et al. 1988, ApJ, 331, 653 Problem 3 “The Visual and Spectroscopic Binary Sirius A and B” The bright star Sirius is a binary system consisting of a normal A−type star in orbit with a “white dwarf” (star B). It is an especially interesting system in that it is both a visual binary and a spectroscopic binary. Moreover, it is sufficiently nearby that its parallax can be measured with considerable accuracy. A plot of the Sirius orbit is shown below; here the more massive A star is taken to be a fixed reference point, and the distance to the white dwarf represents the actual separation of the two stars at a particular instant in time. Suggested procedure: a. Determine the orbital period. b. The orbital shape appears elliptical; however, even a circular orbit will appear eccentric if the orbital plane is tipped at an angle with respect to our line of sight. Present an argument, based on the plot, that the orbit is actually eccentric. c. Measure the apparent semimajor axis of the binary in arc sec. (The actual semimajor axis can be obtained by dividing by a correction factor of 0.95 to take into account the inclination of the orbit.) d. The parallax of the center of mass of the binary is π = 0.379�� . Use the implied distance to find the physical size of the semimajor axis. e. Find the sum of the masses, MA + MB . f. If the orbits of both stars had been plotted around the center of mass of the binary, the 2 orbit of the white dwarf would be 2.4 times larger than that of the A star. What is the mass ratio MA /MB ? What are the values of MA and MB ? g. The apparent bolometric magnitudes of Sirius A and B are ­2.1 and +8.3, respectively. Compute the luminosity of each star in terms of the solar luminosity, L� (be sure to take into account the fact that the binary is not at a distance of 10 pc). The absolute bolometric magnitude of the Sun is +4.6. h. Use the Stefan­Boltzmann law and the known surface temperatures of the Sun and Sirius A & B (5,800 K, 11,200 K, and 28,500 K, respectively) to compute the radii of Sirius A & B in units of the Sun’s radius, R� . [Hint: L = 4πR2 σT 4 ] i. Compute the density (in gm cm−3 or kg m−3 ) of Sirius A and B. [R� = 7 × 1010 cm and M� = 2 × 1033 gm] Problem 4 “Short Binary Problems from Zeilik & Gregory” Zeilik & Gregory, Chapter 12, problems 7 and optional 6 Page 249. Problem 5 “Short Questions on Spectral Types” Zeilik & Gregory, Chapter 13, problems 1, and optional 2, Page 268. Problem 6 “Eclipsing Binary” optional a. Study the three­page supplementary writeup (attached) entitled “Light Curves of Eclips­ ing Binaries” taken from a book by Shaw and Boothroyd. b. Study the actual light curve of the eclipsing binary Algol (shown below) and answer the following questions. Assume that the orbit is circular, the orbital inclination angle is 90◦ , 3 and the two stars have the same radius. i. Cite a property of the light curve that is consistent with a circular orbit. ii. How is the shape of the primary eclipse consistent with the fact that the two stars have the same radius? iii. Find the radius of either star in units of the orbital separation. iv. What is the difference in depths between the primary and secondary minima? v. Use the answer to part (iv) to compute the relative luminosities of the two stars. vi. Is there any evidence for the reflection effect by the less luminous star? Problem 7 “Binary Radio Pulsar” optional The radio pulsar PSR 1913+16 is a neutron star in an eccentric binary orbit with an “unseen” companion star. The orbital period is 7.8 hours. The pulsar comes as close to the center of mass (“periastron” passage) as 3.74 × 1010 cm and recedes to a distance as large as 1.58 × 1011 cm from the center of mass (“apastron”). Measurements of a more subtle general relativistic effect also reveal that the total mass of the binary system is 2.8 solar masses. a. What is the semimajor axis of the orbit of the neutron star about the center of mass? b. What is the eccentricity of the orbit? [Recall that the ratio of closest to furthest approach is (1 − e)/(1 + e)] c. Find the semimajor axis of the binary system as a whole (i.e., total separation). d. Find the mass of the pulsar and that of its unseen companion. 4 5 6 7