Art History.pdf

1. Prehistoric Art (Before 3000 BCE) ●​ Key Features: Cave paintings, petroglyphs, small sculptures (e.g., Venus figurines). ●​ Purpose: Likely for ritualistic, religious, or storytelling purposes. ●​ Notable Art: Lascaux Cave paintings (France), Venus of Willendorf (Austria).​ 2. Ancient Art (3000 BCE - 500 CE) ●​ Civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and the Near East. ●​ Key Features: Monumental architecture (pyramids, temples), relief sculpture, pottery, and frescoes. ●​ Notable Art: Egyptian tomb art, Greek sculptures (like the Parthenon), Roman frescoes and mosaics.​ 3. Medieval Art (500 - 1400 CE) ●​ Key Features: Religious themes, illuminated manuscripts, cathedrals, and mosaics. ●​ Sub-periods: Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic. ●​ Notable Art: Byzantine mosaics, Gothic cathedrals (Notre-Dame), illuminated manuscripts (Book of Kells).​ 4. Renaissance Art (1400 - 1600) ●​ Key Features: Revival of classical Greek and Roman ideals, focus on humanism, realistic perspective, and the human form. ●​ Notable Artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian. ●​ Notable Art: Mona Lisa (da Vinci), The Last Supper (da Vinci), David (Michelangelo), School of Athens (Raphael).​ 5. Baroque (1600 - 1750) ●​ Key Features: Dramatic use of light and shadow, emotional intensity, grandeur, and movement. ●​ Notable Artists: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Peter Paul Rubens, Vermeer. ●​ Notable Art: The Night Watch (Rembrandt), The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens), Girl with a Pearl Earring (Vermeer).​ 6. Rococo (1700s) ●​ Key Features: Ornate, light-hearted, playful, and decorative, with pastel colors and elaborate details. ●​ Notable Artists: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, François Boucher. ●​ Notable Art: The Swing (Fragonard), The Toilet of Venus (Boucher).​ 7. Neoclassicism (1750 - 1850) ●​ Key Features: Return to classical ideals of simplicity, order, and moral virtue, inspired by Ancient Greece and Rome. ●​ Notable Artists: Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. ●​ Notable Art: The Oath of the Horatii (David), Grande Odalisque (Ingres).​ 8. Romanticism (1800 - 1850) ●​ Key Features: Emphasis on emotion, individualism, nature, and the sublime. Rebellion against rationalism of Neoclassicism. ●​ Notable Artists: Eugène Delacroix, J.M.W. Turner, Francisco Goya. ●​ Notable Art: Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), The Fighting Temeraire (Turner), The Third of May 1808 (Goya).​ 9. Realism (1840 - 1880) ●​ Key Features: Depiction of everyday life and ordinary people, often in a straightforward and unembellished way. ●​ Notable Artists: Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet. ●​ Notable Art: The Stone Breakers (Courbet), The Gleaners (Millet).​ 10. Impressionism (1860 - 1880s) ●​ Key Features: Focus on capturing light, color, and the fleeting moments of modern life, often painted outdoors. ●​ Notable Artists: Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas. ●​ Notable Art: Impression, Sunrise (Monet), Ballet Rehearsal (Degas), Luncheon of the Boating Party (Renoir).​ 11. Post-Impressionism (1880s - 1900) ●​ Key Features: Departure from Impressionism’s focus on light, with a greater focus on emotion, symbolism, and structure. ●​ Notable Artists: Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat. ●​ Notable Art: Starry Night (van Gogh), The Bathers (Cézanne), A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (Seurat).​ 12. Modernism (1900 - 1960s) ●​ Key Features: A wide range of styles exploring abstraction, experimentation, and breaking away from tradition. ○​ Fauvism: Bold colors (e.g., Henri Matisse). ○​ Cubism: Geometric shapes and perspectives (e.g., Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque). ○​ Expressionism: Focus on raw emotion and distortion (e.g., Edvard Munch, Wassily Kandinsky). ○​ Surrealism: Dream-like and subconscious imagery (e.g., Salvador Dalí, René Magritte). ○​ Abstract Expressionism: Non-representational art, focusing on emotion and gesture (e.g., Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko). ●​ Notable Art: Guernica (Picasso), The Persistence of Memory (Dalí), No. 5, 1948 (Pollock).​ 13. Contemporary Art (1960s - Present) ●​ Key Features: Diverse, experimental, and often conceptual, focusing on identity, technology, and global issues. New media, digital art, installation art, and performance art become prevalent. ●​ Notable Artists: Andy Warhol (Pop Art), Jeff Koons, Ai Weiwei, Banksy. ●​ Notable Art: Marilyn Diptych (Warhol), Balloon Dog (Koons), Sunflower Seeds (Ai Weiwei).