Rhythm Class Notes

Rhythm: Beat: Beat is a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time. Beats can be represented by marks on a timeline. Tempo: the speed of the beat Syncopation: is a variety of rhythms played together to make a piece of music. Making part or all a tune or piece of music off-beat. Meter: The organization of beats into regular groups is called Melody: Series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole. (simple: Mery have a little lamp, or complex: the anthem) Simple melody is short, small range, mostly steps, small leap, repetition. Complex melody is long, little repetitions, bigger range, lots of leaps. Delivery Staccato: short, separated Legarto: length, linked and smooth. Harmony: is two or more notes. • • Dissonant (uncomfortable) or consonant (comfortable) Mayor (happy), manor(sad) or other. (cords) Texture: how melody and accompaniment interact. • • • Homophonic: one melody + one layer harmony. Menophonic: one singer, one layer (row your boat), same thing at same time. Polyphonic: more than one simultaneous melody, different starting times. Dynamics: Degrees of loudness or softness in music. Pg.6 Type: the whole work (Gregorian chant or plain chant) Form: structure of piece we hear. Greeks: The word orchestra, wing, string and precaution, scales. Modal: Middle Ages and renascent Renaissance: Ave Maria – Josquin de Prez Melody: big range, modal, lots of imitation, no repeated, mostly stems, complex. Harmony: consonant Rhythm: 2 beat pattern, polyrhythmic, moderato (tempo), 3 beat pattern, homorhythm at the end. Repeated patterns. Some syncopation. Texture: polyphonic and homophonic Form: through composed. Dynamics: mesopiano to forte <. > AS vesta was descending – weelkes Melody: big range, complex, no repeats. Staccato and legarto Harmony: consonant, modal Rhythm: polyrhythmic, homorhythm, allegro, 2 beat pattern. Syncopation Dynamics: mf-ff <> Instrumental: women and male voice Texture: homophonic, monophonic. Polyphonic Type: madrigal Form: thought composed Baroque Period – Unit 2 Basso continuo: Always keyboard (piano) and strings instruments. Dynamics: are forte and drastically drop to low chords. Type: concerto grosso Form: retonello form Inverted: flip Retrograde: backwards Diminution: smalless What piece of what period uses ways to vary the theme? (extra credit) Little fudge on a g minor - Bach Melody – subject, steps, lots of imitation, staccato, leap Harmony – some dissonation, minor modulates to major, mostly consonant, medium range, complex Rhythm- polyrhythm, moderate, lots of pattern, two beat pattern, some syncopation Texture- polyphonic, monophonic (beginning) Dynamics: mp – f, terraced Instrumentation: pipe organ Form thought composed Type: fudge Tu Se Morte from Orfeo – Monteverde Melody: legarto, leaps, big range, little repetition. No repeat. Some steps. Complex Harmony: consonant, minor Rhythm: homorhythm, no beat, largo Texture: homophonic Dynamics: p – mp > Instrumentation: male voice, bass lute, organ Type: Opera Form: recitative “Allegro” from la primavera- Vivaldi Spring. Melody: Staccato, leaps, repeats, repetitions, some steps, simple, medium range. Harmony: mostly consonant, some dissonant, major modules to minor Rhythm: Allegro (tempo), 2 beat patterns, repeated pattern, polyrhythm, homorhythm, syncapation. Texture: homophonic, monophonic, polyphonic. Dynamics: mp- f, terraced Instrumental: violin – solo, string orchestra Type: concerto Form: ritornello Hallelujah from messiah Melody: repetition, several short phrases, legato, imitation, staccato, some medium range, some steps, mostly leaps. Harmony: major, consonant Rhythm: homorhythm, 4 beat pattern, allegro, polyrhythm, syncapation, repeated pattern. Texture: homophonic, monophonic, polyphonic. Dynamics: mp – f, terraced Instrumentals: baroque orchestra, SATB (soprano Altor Tanor Bass) mix voices Type: oratorio Form: chorus Form: Recitative Arial Chorus Oratiorio Extra credit: 1 video. First three minutes (solo violin) 2 videos (solo of the singer) - there is few things to write. Compare and contrast Which one I like better and why. Allegro: Winter Melody: lots repeats, complex, medium range, staccato Harmony: mostly consonant, some dissonant Rhythm: homorhythm, 4 beat pattern, syncapation, repeat pattern Texture: homophonic, monophonic (violin part) Dynamics: MF-F, terraced Instrumental: violin, keyboard, cello, Lute Type: concerto Form: Ritornello A perfect Grain Of sand Melody: lots of repeats, simple, short range, staccato, Harmony: Consonant Rhythm: polyrhythm, 4 beat pattern, repeated patterns, some syncapation Texture: Monophonic (beginning), polyphonic Dynamics: P-MP Instrumental: Male Voice Type: concerto Form: Oratorio CLASSICAL PERIOD: TYPES: Symphony – 4 multiples for symphony String quartet- 4 multiples for string quartet Concerto- 3 multiple for instrumental soloist and orchestra Forms: Sonata form Theme & variations Minuet e trio e rondo Classical- Allegro symphony- Mozart Melody A- Staccato, legato, big range, repetition, steps, leaps, simple B- Staccato, legato, repetition, repeats, bigger range, steps, and leaps, complex Harmony: consonant, Minor modulates to Major Rhythm: polyrhythmic, 4 beat pattern, Homorhythm, Allegro, some syncapation, repeated patterns. Texture: Polyphonic, Homophonic, Dynamics: mp-f <> Instrumental: Orchestra Type: Symphony Form: Sonata ANDANTE - HEYDA Melody: Mostly small leaps, some steps, staccato, repetition, small range, simple Harmony: Major modulates to minor, some dissonant, mostly consonant. Rhythm: 2 beat patterns, some syncapation, polyrhythmic and homorhythm, Andante, repeated patterns Texture: Polyphonic, homophonic Dynamics: major to minor, pp- ff, subito (suddenly) Instrumental: Orchestra Type: Symphony Form: theme and variations MINUET- From Eine Kleine- Mozart Melody: small leaps and steps, lots of repetition, staccato and legato, medium range, simple, Harmony: Consonant, Major Rhythm: Homorhythm, Polyrhymic, Allegro, 3 beat, syncapation, repeated patterns, Texture: Homophonic Dynamics: p-mf, < >, a little subito Instrumental: String orchestra Type: Serenade Form: Minuet and Trio "Mut. 4" from string quartet in c minor Beethoven Melody - A-Staccato, repeat, small leaps, steps, repetition, medium range B-Legato, repeat, bigger range, more leaps, has repetition C-Staccato, fewer repeat, big leaps, big range, has repetition, all complex Harmony - mostly consonant, minor (A) modulates to major(B+C), some dissonance Rhythm - Homorhythm, 4/4, Allegro w/rubato, Polyrhythmic, repeated pattern, some syncopation Texture- Homophonic, Polyphonic Dynamics- P to F subito <> Instrumentation - string quartet Type- string quartet Form- rondo "Opening scene" from Don Giovanni Mozart Melody - Several different Melodie's, some staccato, some legato, repetition, imitation, complex Harmony- major, modulates to minor, consonant Rhythm - 4 beat pattern, mostly allegro, Homorhythm, polyrhythmic, repeated patterns, syncopation Texture- Homophonic, Polyphonic Dynamics- P to F <> and subito Instrumentation- orchestra, male and female voices Type- Opera Form- Aria, ensemble 3d Mut " from trumpet concerto Melody- Trumpet- staccato & legato, a little complex, medium range, repetition and imitation, steps and small leaps Harmony- Consonant, major, a little modulation to minor Rhythm- 4 beat pattern, allegro, homorhythm and polyrhythmic, a little syncopation, repeated patterns Texture- mostly homophonic, a little polyphonic Dynamics- PP <> MF Instrumentation-Solo trumpet, symphony orchestra Hype- concerto Form- Sonata rondo Romantic Period: - Program Music type Program symphony: have a story Tone/ symphonic poem: one movement Incidental music Concert overture Art song Erlking- Schabert Melody: Repetition, leaps, mostly legato, staccato, big range, complex Harmony: consonant, minor module to major Rhythm: polyrhythm, 4 beat pattern, Moderato, little syncopation, regular separated pattern Texture: homophonic Dynamics: p-f, subito, <>. Instrumentation: Male voice, piano, Type: Art Song Form: thought composed March to the scaffold from symphony fantastique by Berlioz Melody: staccato, complex, big range, repetition, mostly steps, legato, some leaps, Harmony: mostly consonant, minor, some dissonant Rhythm: 4 beat patterns, allegro to vivace, homorhythm, and polyrhythmic, some syncopation, repeated pattern Texture: polyphonic, monophonic, homophonic Dynamics: subito, <>, pp to ff Instrumentation: symphony orchestra Type: program symphony Form: sonata “La donna e’ mobile’ from Rigeletto – by viercli Melody: staccato, sometime legato, big range, sample, repeat, step and leaps, repetition Harmony: consonant, major Rhythm: 3 beat pattern, regular repeated pattern, Allegro, Homorhythm, little syncopation Texture: homophonic Dynamics: F-MP, <> Instrumentation: male voice, opera orchestra Type: opera Form: Aria “Afternoon of a Faun- Debussy Impressionism Afternoon of a Fann - Debussy Melody: legato, big range, mostly steps, some leaps, imitation repetition Harmony: consonant, non- traditional Rhythm: polyrhythmic, no apparent beat, unaccented syncopation, homorhythm, repeated patterns, moderato, rubato Texture: homophonic, polyphonic, monophonic Dynamics: PP to F <> Instrumentation: orchestra Type: ballet form: ballet Primativism “Sacrificial Dance” from Rite of spring - by Stravinsky Melody: staccato, no tradition melody, short repeated phrases, move by steps, small range, Harmony: dissonant, polytonal Rhythm: changing beat pattern, lots of syncopation, accented syncopation, allegro, repeated pattern, polyrhythm, homorhythm Texture: homophonic, polyphonic Dynamics: <>, subito, Instrumentation: Orchestra, pp to ff Type: ballet Form: ballet • Polytonal: same piece different keys Expressionism A survivor from Warsaw- by Schoenberg Melody: vocals- sprechstimme, orchestra tone row. Harmony: atonal, dissonant, Rhythm: no apparent beat pattern, moderato, lots of syncopation, polyrhythmic, some accented, few repeated patterns, Texture: polyphonic Dynamics: subito, pp to ff Instrumentation: orchestra, male voice, chorus Type: cantata Form: 12 note serialism 20th century American 3rd movement from Afro-American symphony by still Melody: has repetition, staccato, medium range, mostly leaps, lots of imitation legato Harmony: consonant. Major to manor Rhythm: polyrhythmic, 4 beat pattern, syncopation, some homorhythm, lots of repeated patterns, allegro Texture: polyphonic Dynamics: mp to ff, subito Instrumentation: symphony orchestra, banjo Type: symphony Form: ABC ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimalism A short ride in a fast machine – john Adams Melody: staccato, repetition, short, repeated patterns, mostly leaps, simple Trumpet- leaps and big range, legato. Complex (different) Harmony: mostly consonant, major. Rhythm: changing loud patterns, allegro, polyrhythmic, irregular rhythm Texture: polyphonic, homophonic Dynamics: <, mp Instrumentation: symphony orchestra Type: fanfare Form: thought composed Polystalism ASTOR Piazzolla – libertango (Riff) Melody: mostly steps, repeated patterns, simple. Medium range, repeats, legato Riff: simple, staccato, small range, mostly steps, repetition, repeat patterns Harmony: mostly consonant, minor Rhythm: 4 beats, polyrhythmic, allegro, syncopation, some repeats, regular patterns accents. Texture: polyphonic, homophonic, Dynamics: P-F, <>, little subito Instrumentation: flute, guitar, electric bass, bandoneon, drum set, string section. Type: tango Form: chorus base Warehouse medicine – by mason Bates Melody: A: some staccato, short phrases, B; legato, mostly steps, repeat, medium ranges, no repeated or repetition Harmony: mostly consonant, some dissonance Rhythm: 4 beat the beginning, mostly polyrhythmic, changing beat patterns Texture: homophonic and polyphonic Dynamics: mf-p-f, < Instrumentation: symphony orchestra, Type: electronic acoustic Form: a-b-a1 Film music Imperial March from Star Wars by john Williams. Melody: staccato, leaps, repeat, repetition, big range, complex Harmony: minor, consonant, some dissonance, Rhythm: homorhythm, 4 beat pattern, accented syncopation, allegro, polyrthymic, repeated pattern, Texture: homophonic and polyphonic Dynamics: <>, pp to ff, subito Instrumentation: orchestra Type: film score Form: theme and variation African Music Ompeh– traditional Melody: some repetition, a little complex, staccato, medium range, mostly steps, some leaps. Harmony: consonant, non-traditional Rhythm: polyrhythmic, 4 beat pattern, moderato, repeated pattern, some regular repeated patterns, syncopation. Texture: homophonic, call and response, Dynamics: mp to f Instrumentation: voices, idiophone, membrana phones, Type: traditional, Form: chorus basal Indian Music Evening Raga – by Ravi Shankar Melody: based on raga, big range, mostly improvisation Harmony: non- traditional, mostly consonant Rhythm: homorhythm and polyrhythmic, repeated patterns Texture: homophonic, call response Dynamics: mp – ff, <> some subito Instrumentation: sitar, tabla, tambura Type: traditional Karnataka Form: based on raga and tala Melody Harmony Rhythm Texture Dynamics Instrumentation Type Form