Linguistics Study Guide Phonology and Phonetics

Linguistics Study Guide Notes- Phonology and Phonetics IPA Chart: Phonology & Phonetics Vocab • Phonology: the study of how sounds pattern • Phonetics: the study of the properties of sounds • Sonorant- any of the nasal, liquid, and glide consonants that are marked by a continuing resonant sound o English sonorants: y, w, l, r, m, n, and ɳ • Obstruents- plosive sounds (the stops, the fricatives, and the affricates) o English obstruents: p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, f, s, ʃ, x, v, z, ʒ, ɣ, and affricates • allomorph: variations of things with the same meaning (same concept as an allophone but for morphemes) o ex: s → z for pluralization • allophones – different representation of a sound o ex: [t] → [t^h] • fricatives: a type of consonant made by the friction of breath in a narrow opening, producing a turbulent air flow. o you can hold it 1 • sibilants: a subclass of fricatives and affricates that make a hiss sound o s, z, etc • flap: tongue quickly pulls backwards hitting quickly the alvealor ridge o ex: the middle sound in “writer” o the difference is in the vowels • glides: consonants sometimes called semi-vowels because they have very little closure o ex: w (voiced bilabial) • nasal sound: sound flows out of the nose because your mouth is closed • oral sound: sound you use your mouth for • manner of articulation: relates to the degree of mouth closure o stops are made with complete closure • spoonerism: switching consonants between words o ex: spill the milk → mill the spilk Symbols in Phonology • squiggly boy is nasal • ^h = aspiration • little circle underneath = voiceless • slashes = phonemes (ex: /t/) • brackets = actual sounds [ex: t^h = aspirated /t/ sound] Place of articulation • bilabial: both lips (ex: p, b, m) • labiodental: lower lip and upper teeth (ex: f) • dental: teeth (ex: t) • Alveolar: right behind your teeth (ex: d s z) • Post-alveolar: behind the alveolar ridge, usually sibilants (ex: d͡ʒ) • Palatal: ??? • Velar: far back in mouth (ex: kuh and guh) 2 Classifications • Stops/plosives: PBTDKG (peanut butter toast doesn’t kill germs) • Nasal: m, n, ɳ • Liquids: r, l Vowels • i – ee (as in need) • I – ih (as in ring) • e – eh (went) • eI – ay (as in skate) • ε – eh (epsilon) • ɜ - eh/uh (as in nurse or her) • æ – eh/ah (as in hand) • ʌ - uh (as in love) – stressed • ə - uh (as in mother) - unstressed • ɑ – aw (as in father) • a – ah (as in ahhhh idk this) • ɔ - aw (as in not) • u – oo (as in boot) • o – oh (as in clothing) / or oʊ • y - [i] pronounced with your lips rounded (nonEnglish, sounds French) • j–y • ʊ– uh (as in book) • aʊ - ow (as in out) Natural Classes • height: top vs bottom of mouth • backness: front vs back of mouth 3 • tenseness: amount of effort (must know it) o regular-looking vowels are tense, weird vowels are lax • roundness: roundness of lips (French vowels sound round) • voiced/voiceless Solving Phonology Problems • Steps: o 1) Look at similarities in each data set o 2) Establish roots/stems o 3) Look at changes to roots/stems and what might be causing them o 4) Test the rule to see if it works Misc Phonology • close means high and open means low • a is further back, a is further up • coronal: uses flexible part of tongue (middle section of the IPA) o ex: s t ʃ θ • dorsal: uses the blade of your tongue (right section of the IPA) o ex: k, g, etc • word finally: at the end of a word o Obstruent --> - voice/ __ # (obstruents devoice word finally) 4