Unit 5 Revolutions (1750 - 1900)

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750 - 1900) 5.1 The Enlightenment ● The Enlightenment: Intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values. Ideals included individualism, freedom, popular sovereignty, and self-determination. ○ Led to the rise of nationalism: Intense loyalty to a common language and culture; the belief that people who share a culture should live in an independent state ● In the 17th century, Francis Bacon founded the theory of empiricism, the use of data to justify conclusions rather than traditional religion ● Hobbes and Locke ○ Philosophers who viewed political life as the result of a social contract ○ Thomas Hobbes believed that people’s natural state was to live in a chaotic world, but by agreeing to a social contract, they gave up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order ○ John Locke argued the social contract gave people natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property. He claimed that people had the right to revolt against a corrupt government. Opposed divine right. ■ He also believed that intelligence and environment shaped an individual’s intelligence and personality. This challenged the notion that intelligence was determined by ancestry. ● Baron Montesquieu: Praised the British government’s use of checks on power through a Parliament. Influenced the branches of the American system. ● Voltaire: Used satire to advocate for civil liberties. Learned about constitutional monarchy and civil rights from England and brought these ideas to France. ● Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Expanded on the idea of a social contract, He expressed ideas about educating children. He authored the concept of the General Will of a population and the duty of a ruler to carry out that General Will. ● Adam Smith ○ Responded to mercantilism by advocating for laissez-faire, the idea that the government should reduce their involvement in economic matters. ■ Book: The Wealth of Nations ○ The idea that businesses and consumers should make their own decisions founded capitalism, an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit ● Deism: The belief that a divine power established natural laws but does not interfere in everyday life ○ Thomas Paine defended Deism in his book The Age of Reason ● Enlightenment thinkers pointed out the widespread poverty that accompanied urbanization, some proposed solutions such as more government programs and private charity ○ Conservatism: A belief in traditional institutions, opposed reform ■ English statesman Edmund Burke and French thinker Joseph de Maistre opposed revolutions ● Socialism: A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production, developed in the 19th century ○ Utopian socialists: Believed that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities ○ Henri de Saint-Simon: French, believed that scientists, engineers, and businesses could work together to better society. He advocated for public works projects such as the Suez Canal in Egypt. ○ Charles Fourier: Believed in passions that would make work more enjoyable, advocated for harmonious communities. ○ Robert Owen: British, established utopian socialist communities in Scotland and Indiana. Believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules. ○ The Fabian Society: A group of English socialists in the late 19th century that focused on reforming society by parliamentary means. ● Classical Liberalism: A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and less spended on armies and established churches. ● Feminism: Advocacy for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideals ○ Olympe de Gouges emphasized that women’s rights were not included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man ○ Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women should receive the same education as males so that women could participate in political and professional society. A Vindication of the Rights of Women. ○ In the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, women advocated for their right to vote ○ Elizabeth Cady Stanton introduced the declaration of sentiments, which argued that all men and women are created equal. She also published a Women’s Bible that removed the parts she thought were offensive. ● Abolitionism: The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all slaves, became popular in the 18th century ● The End of Serfdom ○ Peasant revolts ○ Queen Elizabeth I abolished in 1574 ○ French government in 1789 ○ Alexander II of Russia abolished in 1861, freed 23 million serfs ● Zionism: The desire of Jews to reestablish and independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East ○ Battled anti-semitism ○ Theodor Herzl, an Austro-Hungarian Jew, lead the movement ○ Dreyfus Affair: In 1894, Jew Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason against the French government based on forged documents. This injustice strengthened the Zionist movement. 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions 1775-1787 ● The American Revolution ○ Conservative movement because its purpose was to preserve existing freedoms rather than create new ones ○ Cause: Beginning in the 1760s, Britain began to impose new taxes on the American colonies to restore its losses from its global struggle with France. Also, American colonists were not represented in the British Parliament. ○ Declaration of Independence: Articulated the colonists’ ideals in their battle against Britain, July 4th, 1776. Thomas Jefferson’s demand for unalienable rights= reflects John Locke’s call for natural rights ○ Won the war in 1783 with help from France ○ Effects on the American colonies: ■ Existing elites still held political power ■ Property requirements for voting lowered ■ Small farmers and urban artists were elected to state legislatures, but they were white men; no women or people of color were involved in politics ■ Slavery abolished in the northern states, but remained in the southern states ■ U.S. constitution and its Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, and federalism reflected Enlightenment ideals ● The New Zealand Wars ○ New Zealand was inhabited by the Maori since the 13th century ○ The Maori were divided into tribes that sometimes experienced military conflict with each other ○ The British colonized New Zealand in 1840 and increasingly controlled Maori affairs ○ The Maori and the British battles in a series of wars, which sparked Maori nationalism ○ British won in 1872 ● The French Revolution 1789-1815 ○ 1780s, ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity ○ Wanted to modernize the tax system due to financial strains from helping the American Rev ○ Inequality in the Estates-General voting caused the commoners to form the National Assembly ○ Marquis de Lafayette: Moderate who wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy ○ July 14th, 1789: A crowd in Paris stormed the Bastille prison, peasants destroyed the nobles’ homes ○ The National Assembly became in charge of the laws ■ Established the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which outlined basic human rights ■ Abolished feudalism ○ The Reign of Terror: A massive execution of revolution opponents through guillotine, including King Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette in 1793 ■ Led by Maximilien Robespierre, who was later guillotined for leading France into tyranny ○ Created a new calendar in 1792, new street names ○ Administrative system divided into 83 departments, each with a new name ○ Created the world’s largest army, required all adult men to serve ○ Maintained traditional gender roles but raised the question of women’s rights ■ Women participated in the Bastille riot and stormed the Versailles palace ■ A legislation of men banned all women’s clubs in 1793 ■ Viragos: Shameful name for women who wanted to exercise political power ○ Festival of Unity (1793): Celebrated the first anniversary of the end of monarchy, people burned the crowns and scepters of the royal family while releasing thousands of white doves ○ Napoleon Bonaparte: became emperor in 1804 ■ Tamed the revolution by emphasizing moderate ideas, such as civil equality, secular laws, and freedom of religion ■ Wanted to spread the French Revolution’s ideas through conquest, expanded the empire’s reach with military campaigns throughout Europe. Resistance from Russia and Britain defeated his empire in 1815, marking the end of the French Revolution. ● The Haitian Revolution ○ Haiti: French sugar and coffee colony ○ Enslaved Africans killed their masters’ homes and killed them. Maroons, people who had escaped slavery in Haiti, joined them. ○ Toussaint L’Ouverture: Former slave who joined the revolts in 1791, well-versed in Enlightenment ideals, lead rebellions against slavery ■ Established a constitution in 1801 that granted equality to all Haitians ■ Distributed land among freed people ○ Jean-Jacques Dessalines created a Haitian declaration of permanent independence ○ First successful slave revolt, first independent country in Latin America ○ Unlike the French Revolution involving the middle and upper classes, the Haitian Revolution involved people who had no rights at all ○ French imposed an independence debt on Haiti in 1825 ○ Inspired other slave rebellions ■ Great Jamaica Revolt (1831-1832): Slaves attacked plantations, prompting Britain to abolish slavery in 1833 ○ Remember Haiti= reflected a sense of horror that revolutions could cause and a determination for such a violent rebellion to never occur again, expansion of slavery ■ Latin American elites instituted social conservatism ■ Cuban slave plantations increased their production of sugar ■ Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon Bonaparte sold French territories to the United States, in some of which slavery became prevalent ■ Caribbean decolonization did not occur until the twentieth century ● Latin American Revolutions 1808-1825 ○ Castas System ■ Peninsulares: Colonists born in Spain or Portugal ■ Creoles: Born of European ancestry in the Americas, educated ■ Mestizos: European and Indian descent ■ Mulattoes: African and European or indigenous descent ○ Causes for Revolution ■ Creoles disapproved of Spain’s mercantilism because it required colonists to buy manufactured goods only from Spain and sell products only to Spain ■ Creoles wanted more political power, which was in the hands of peninsulares ■ Mestizos wanted political power and a share of the colonies’ wealth ● ● ● ● ○ The Bolivar Revolutions ■ Creoles refused the support of mestizos, indigenous people, and mulattos because they feared the violence of the Haitian Revolution’s slave uprisings ■ Simon Bolivar: Creole who advocated for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America, believed in a free market, democracy, natural rights, and the abolition of slavery, conquered territory that he called Grand Columbia ○ Class Tensions ■ Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion: Mexican movement by peasants towards independence led by two priests, suppressed by creoles ■ Tupac Amaru led a rebellion of Native Americans in the early 1780s ○ Results of the Creole Revolutions ■ Abolished slavery ■ Indigenous people of Peru could not vote until 1860 ■ Women could not vote in Latin America and received little education ■ Independence from Spain, but took twice as long as North America due to sharp social divisions ■ The Spanish colonies were not unified ■ In the nineteenth century, poverty and political instability ○ Lola Rodriguez de Tio: Puerto Rican poet famous for her criticism of Spanish rule ○ Propaganda Movement: Publications of the Philippines calling for greater freedom from the Spanish ■ Jose Rizal was a popular figure. He was arrested by the Spanish in 1892 and executed in 1896, which sparked Filipino nationalism and the Philippine Revolution in 1896 Italian Unification ○ Count di Cavour led the movement to unify the Italian Peninsula, composed of competing city-states, under the House of Savoy. He maneuvered Napoleon III of France into a war with Austria to lessen Austrian control in Italy. German Unification ○ Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck facilitated three wars ■ Prussia against Denmark (1864) ■ Prussia and Austria (1866) ■ Prussia against France ○ Bismarck gained territory and founded the German Empire in 1871 Balkan Nationalism ○ Greek learned of Western ideas and Enlightenment principles, which strengthened its cultural pride and sparked Greek nationalism against the Ottomans Ottoman Nationalism ○ Ottomanism: A modernization and unification movement of the 1870s and 1880s. Attempted to minimize ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity in the empire. 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins ● Industrial Revolution: A dramatic change in society and economies due to new technologies ● Industrialization: The production of goods with machines ● Agricultural Improvements ○ Agricultural Revolution: Early 1700s, before the Industrial Revolution, increased food production ○ Crop rotation: Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year ○ Seed drill: A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground ○ The potato from South America added more calories to people’s diets ○ Population growth - more people available to work in factories ● Preindustrial Societies ○ British families lived in rural areas, grew their own food, and made their own clothes ○ Indian cotton became available to Britain ○ Britain used cotton produced by slave labor in the Americas to develop the cottage industry in which merchants gave women raw cotton, and they spun it into cloth in their homes. ● Growth of Technology ○ The spinning jenny and the water frame decreased the time needed to spin yarn and weave clo ○ Spinning jenny: Invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, allowed a weaver to spin multiple threads at a time ○ Water frame: Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel, more efficient than a single person’s labor ○ Factory system: Production of goods was moved to factories, founded by Arkwright ○ In 1798, inventor Eli Whitney  created a system of interchangeable parts for firearms, in whic one part could be replaced if broken ■ Specialization of labor: Each worker only had to focus on building one part of a product ■ Henry Ford built upon this concept by creating the assembly line ● Britain’s Industrial Advantages ○ Britain was located on the Atlantic Ocean, having numerous seaways to import raw materials export manufactured products ○ Had many coal deposits; coal was burned to fuel the steam engine and separate iron from its ore ○ Britain had resources from its colonies, such as timber for ships. The wealth generated from the trans-Atlantic slave trade provided Britain with abundant capital, money available to invest in businesses. ○ A natural network of rivers allowed for cheap transport of goods ○ The world’s strongest fleet of ships, naval ships for defense and commercial ships for trade ○ Legal protection of private property assured entrepreneurs that their businesses could not be taken away by others or the government ○ Increased agricultural production led to population growth, and efficient farming decreased the need for farmers, so people could get involved in manufacturing ○ The enclosure movement: The government closed off its property, which was previously used by farmers, and allocated it to people who paid for the land ■ Forced farmers to move from rural to urban areas such as Manchester  and Liverpool 5.4 Industrialization Spreads ● Spread to France, but was delayed because of small urban populations and the financial burdens of the French Revolution, same natural resources as Britain ● Germany was fragmented into small states, but after unification in 1871, it quickly produced massive amounts of steel and coal ● The United States began industrializing in the 19th century. Human capital, or the workforce, brought about industrial success. Immigrants from Europe and East Asia provided labor. ● Agricultural Products for Trade in the Nineteenth Century ○ Wheat - Food ○ Rubber - Tires, footwear, fabrics ○ Palm Oil - Cooking oil, soap ○ Sugar - Refined sugar ○ Cattle and Hogs - Meat ○ Cotton - Textiles ● Russia industrialized, focusing on railroads and exports ○ Trans-Siberian Railroad: Stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade with countries in East Asia ○ Coal, iron, and steel industries developed as well ● Japan was the first Asian country to industrialize; defensive modernization: Adapted Western technology and institutions to protect its traditional culture, strengthened its military and economy ● Indian shipbuilding declined due to Britain’s ineffective leadership during the colonization period. In 1830, Britain established an Indian Navy for the British East India Company, then disbanded it in 1863 when Britain’s Royal Navy took control of the Indian Ocean ● Company Rule: British East India Company control over parts of India, 1757 to 1858, British tariffs decreased India’s ability to mine, British also closed mines after the Rebellion of 1857 to prevent Indian rebels from gaining ammunition ● Arms Act of 1878 - Britain restricted India’s production of firearms ● Britain imposed taxes on India’s textile production so that its own textile mills could prosper ● Europe’s growth in textile production decreased Egypt’s exportation of silks and carpets 5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age ● Ralph Waldo Emerson initially saw the industrial revolution as a great way to shape nature in mankind’s favor, but was later alarmed by the role of technology. ● The Coal Revolution ○ Steam Engine invented by James Watt in 1765 harnessed coal power to produce steam, whi provided energy for machines in factories and powered trains (locomotives) ○ Steam-powered ships were no longer dependent on winds for power and could travel quickly ■ Coaling Stations: Refueling points fo ships, ex: Cape Colony in South Africa ○ Coal made massive iron production possible ● The Second Industrial Revolution - Late 19th and 20th centuries ○ First industrial Revolution: Textiles, steam powder, iron ○ Second: Steel, chemicals, precision machinery, electronics, communication ○ The mass production of steel due to the Bessemer Process in 1856, which involved blasting molten metal with air to remove impurities and prevent the metal from solidifying ○ First commercial oil wells in the mid-1800s and the use of petroleum kerosene and gasoline for lighting and heaters. Led to the precision machinery and the internal combustion engine that powered automobiles and airplanes ○ In 1882 in London, the first electrical public power station began production ■ Patent for the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 ■ Radio communication by Guliemo Marconi in 1901 ● Global Trade and Migration ○ Transcontinental Railroad: Connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1869 ○ Natural resources of the United States: Timber, coal, iron, and oil, aided in industrialization ○ The desire for capital increased trade and industrial production ○ Great Britain, Germany, and the United States established colonies for resources ○ Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph facilitated exploration ○ Possible context: Silk Roads set the stage for industrial developments of the 1800s 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role (1800s) ● The Ottoman Empire: Did not adopt Western technology or Enlightenment Ideas, ethnic nationalism among the diverse populations brought instability. Europeans and Russians expanded their empires to the detriment of the Ottomans. Nicknamed the sick man of Europe.= ○ Mamluks of Egypt continued to rule. Muhammad Ali became the governor of Egypt after Ottoman conflicts with the Mamluks. ■ Modeled the military according to that of Europe. ■ Established schools and the first newspaper of the Islamic world ■ Forced government control of cotton production ■ Built textile factories and a navy of Egypt ● China ○ Taiping Uprising: Peasant rebellion of 1850-1864, leaders rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, embraced a unique form of Christianity ■ Leader Hong Xiuquan claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus, sent to rid the world of evil ■ Called for radical change: Abolition of private property, a redistribution of land, and the organization of society into separated military camps of men and women ○ Opium Wars: The British used the opium drug to cover their trade imbalance with China ■ Officials were bribed to ignore the illegal trade of opium ■ Massive outflow of silver to pay for opium ■ Millions of addicts in China ■ Commissioner Lin Zexu advocated against opium, upset the British, who sent a naval expedition to China ■ Wars ended with the Treaty of Nanjing, an unequal treaty that imposed restrictions on China while opening ports to European traders ○ Western nations, Japan, and Russia carved out spheres of influences into China, building military bases and railroads, and taking raw materials ● Japan ○ Commodore Matthew Perry and his naval fleet sailed to Japan in 1853 and 1854, demanding the Japanese to trade with the United States. Japan gave in. This incident taught Japan that they were vulnerable to the industrialized West. ○ Meiji Restoration: Japan adopted enough Western technology and techniques so that it could protect its culture, overthrew the shogun and shifted power to the emperor in 1868 ○ Reforms by the Meiji State ■ The Charter Oath abolished feudalism ■ Established a constitutional monarchy similar to that of Prussia ■ Established legal equality ■ Reorganized the military based on the Prussian army, built a new navy ■ Created a new school system ■ Built railroads and roads ■ Subsidized industrialization in the tea, silk, weaponry, and shipbuilding industries ○ Funded reforms with an agricultural tax ○ Zaibatsu: Powerful Japanese family business organizations, new prosperous industries were sold to them ○ Toyoda Loom Works invented the automatic loom 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations ● Shifted from mercantilism to laissez-faire capitalism ● Effects on Business Organization ○ Corporations: A business chartered by the government as a legal entity owned by stockholders, people who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market. ■ Stockholders receive payments from corporations when they make profit. They are not liable for the losses of corporations. ○ Some corporations could form a monopoly, control of a specific business ■ Alfred Krupp of Essen, Germany ran a steel monopoly using the Bessemer process ■ John D. Rockefeller of the U.S. ran an oil monopoly ○ Cecil Rhodes: Founder of De Beers Diamonds, invested in a railroad project that ran from Cairo to Cape Town, not completed because Britain did not gain all the territory ○ Transnational companies operated across national boundaries ■ De Beers Diamonds ■ The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: Focused on global banking and investments, British owned bank in Hong Kong ■ Unilever Corporation: British and Dutch company that focused on household goods, namely soap. Had soap factories in Australia, Switzerland, and the United States. Gathered palm oil for soap in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo plantations. ○ Corporations reduced the risk of investments, making them safer and more appealing ○ Lloyd’s of London established the insurance industry, which also minimized risk ● Effect on Mass Culture ○ A culture of consumerism and leisure developed among the Britain working and middle classes ■ Producers advertised heavily to the middle class ○ Biking and boating became popular in the late 1800s ○ Sports: Soccer in Europe, baseball in the U.S. ○ Construction of music halls and parks facilitated interactions among different classes 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy ● Labor Unions ○ Dangerous and unsanitary working conditions, low wages, and long hours - working conditions ○ The Sadler Report: Released by Parliament, report describing poor conditions ○ Labor unions: Organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract. ○ Won minimum wages, limits on working hours, overtime pay, and five-day work weeks ○ British government expanded the number of men who could vote in the 19th century, but women could not vote until 1928. ○ Law in 1843 stated that children under the age of 10 could not work in coal mines ○ Education was made mandatory for British children in 1881 ● The Intellectual Reaction ○ John Stuart Mill: Philosopher who claimed that laissez-faire capitalism was inhumane to workers; advocated for labor unions and safe working conditions; opposed child labor ■ Utilitarianism: Mill’s philosophy, moderate, wanted to fix the problems of capitalism but not eliminate it (unlike utopian socialists) ● Karl Marx (1818-1883) ○ German scholar and writer who argued for socialism ○ He and his supporter Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto, which criticized capitalism for creating massive wealth and poverty, divided society into two classes ■ Proletariat: The working class, labored in factories and mines under poor conditions ■ Bourgeoisie: Middle class and investors, owned the means of production - machines, factories, mines, and land ○ Stated that the bourgeoisie had the power to take advantage of the proletariat, encouraged the proletariat to take control of the means of production ○ Wanted to replace capitalism with socialism and then communism: the end of class distinctions ● Ottoman Response to Industrialization ○ Sultan Mahmud II ruled 1808-1839, reformed the Ottoman Empire ○ Abolished the Janissaries and created a new artillery unit trained by Europeans (1826) ○ Abolished the feudal system in 1831 ○ End of tax collectors, taxes went directly to the central government ○ Built roads, set up a postal service ○ Tanzimat: Reforms after Mahmud II ○ Sultans worked to eliminate political corruption ○ Created a secular system of education with specialized subjects such as military and engineering ○ Commercial code (1850) and penal code (1858) made it easier for foreigners to conduct business ○ Ottoman Reform Edict called for legal equality of all men, regulated millets, separate legal cour created by different religious communities ○ Most new industrial jobs were given to men ○ Under Islamic law, women were able to hold money, gain from inheritance, and receive some education. Mahmud’s secular laws ended the right of women to distribute their property or cash ○ Sultan Abdulhamid rose to power in 1876 ■ supported reform and secular law ■ drove away the Young Turks,= advocates for reform ■ Hamidian massacres (1894-1896): Hundreds of thousands of Armenians were killed ● Reform Efforts in China ○ Self-strengthening movement: 1860s and 1870s, policies sought to renew a traditional China while cautiously adopting those of the West. ■ An examination system was designed to appoint qualified candidates for official positions ■ Repair of dikes and irrigation to restore economic order ■ Coal mines expanded, telegraph system established ○ After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), people created clubs to advocate for reform ■ One group convinced Emperor Guangxu to institute the Hundred Days of Reform: A s of reforms including the abolition of the civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the adoption of Western economic techniques ○ Empress Dowager Cixi: Opposed western influence, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu and repealed his reforms, stopped the extension of railroads and telegraph systems, started conservative but eventually became more liberal when she abolished the civil service exam ● Resistance to Reform in Japan ○ Eliminated the samurai position in 1871, some served as elder statesmen to the government, some defended their right to wear traditional dress and hair and opposed modernization 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age ● Effects on Urban Areas ○ Working families were packed in tenement apartments, which were located in urban slums, ar of cities where poor people were forced to live, pollution ○ Poor sanitation led to the spread of disease, such as cholera ○ Growing middle class had larger opportunities, wealth, and education ● Effects on Class Structure ○ Working class: Bottom of the social hierarchy, labored in factories and coal mines, replaced easily, experienced competition for jobs and low wages ○ White-collar workers: Middle class of factory and office managers, small business owners ○ Upper class: Industrialists and corporation owners overshadowed the aristocracy ● Families could no longer work from home, labored in factories ● Factory workers all had to follow a uniform routine, injuries, exhaustion, and death common ● Children of low-income factory workers had to work as well, dangerous conditions in mills and mines ● Effects on Women ○ Working class women worked in coal mines and textile factories, paid half as much as men in factories ○ Middle-class women became housewives for social status ○ An ideology of domesticity emphasized the role of women as homemakers and mothers, taught them to be submissive ● Effects on the Environment ○ Fossil fuels such as coal contributed to toxic air pollution ○ Industries dumped their waste into streams, rivers, and lakes - water pollution ● Industrial Revolution’s Legacy ○ Mass Production made goods cheaper, more abundant, and easily accessible ○ People moved from rural areas to cities ○ Global inequality: States that industrialized early took raw materials from other countries, such as Egypt, India, and China, preventing them from industrializing and creating a second wave of colonization