AP World History Unit 4 Quiz

AP‌‌World‌‌History‌‌Unit‌‌4‌‌Quiz‌ 1)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌a‌‌maritime-based‌‌empire?‌ A. An‌‌empire‌‌actively‌‌seeking‌‌to‌‌expand‌‌by‌‌land.‌ B. An‌‌empire‌‌actively‌‌seeking‌‌to‌‌expand‌‌by‌‌sea.‌ C. An‌‌empire‌‌that‌‌only‌‌had‌‌territory‌‌on‌‌lands‌‌surrounded‌‌by‌‌water‌‌bodies.‌ D. An‌‌empire‌‌that‌‌heavily‌‌relied‌‌on‌‌the‌‌sea‌‌for‌‌politics,‌‌economics,‌‌and‌‌more.‌ 2)‌‌Why‌‌were‌‌technological‌‌innovations‌‌needed?‌ A. The‌‌decrease‌‌of‌‌the‌‌population‌‌led‌‌governments‌‌to‌‌realize‌‌the‌‌necessity‌‌of‌‌having‌‌large‌ numbers‌‌of‌‌citizens‌‌and‌‌by‌‌creating‌‌new‌‌technologies,‌‌they‌‌could‌‌motivate‌‌individuals‌ to‌‌procreate‌‌as‌‌they‌‌could‌‌offer‌‌their‌‌children‌‌better‌‌lives.‌ B. The‌‌nobility’s‌‌political‌‌role‌‌decreased,‌‌leading‌‌them‌‌to‌‌desire‌‌to‌‌be‌‌credited‌‌with‌‌new‌ innovations.‌‌This‌‌encouraged‌‌them‌‌to‌‌fund‌‌new‌‌technologies‌‌with‌‌the‌‌ultimate‌‌goal‌‌of‌ regaining‌‌their‌‌political‌‌position.‌ C. As‌‌the‌‌population‌‌increased,‌‌there‌‌was‌‌a‌‌higher‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌resources.‌‌This‌‌could‌‌be‌ solved‌‌by‌‌technological‌‌innovations‌‌since‌‌it‌‌would‌‌create‌‌a‌‌prosperous‌‌empire‌‌to‌‌sustain‌ all‌‌of‌‌the‌‌new‌‌population.‌ D. The‌‌need‌‌for‌‌technological‌‌innovations‌‌can‌‌be‌‌debated‌‌considering‌‌there‌‌was‌‌no‌ immediate‌‌necessity‌‌of‌‌creating‌‌new‌‌technologies‌‌for‌‌the‌‌empire‌‌to‌‌thrive.‌ 3)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌Scientific‌‌revolution?‌ A. A‌‌religious‌‌movement‌‌that‌‌challenged‌‌scientific‌‌ideals‌‌as‌‌they‌‌were‌‌considered‌‌against‌ God‌‌and‌‌faith.‌ B. A‌‌movement‌‌of‌‌extraordinary‌‌scientific‌‌questioning‌‌that‌‌advanced‌‌the‌‌knowledge‌‌of‌‌the‌ world‌‌as‌‌it‌‌challenged‌‌religious‌‌ideologies‌‌and‌‌focused‌‌on‌‌empiricism‌‌and‌‌rational‌ thought.‌ C. The‌‌gunpowder‌‌empires’‌‌response‌‌to‌‌the‌‌growing‌‌rivalry‌‌between‌‌them‌‌and‌‌the‌ maritime-based‌‌European‌‌states,‌‌as‌‌they‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌remain‌‌prevalent‌‌in‌‌their‌‌regions.‌ D. It‌‌was‌‌a‌‌war-like‌‌conflict‌‌between‌‌the‌‌Church‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Royal‌‌Academy‌‌of‌‌Science‌‌after‌ several‌‌publications‌‌challenging‌‌fundamental‌‌religious‌‌beliefs.‌ 4)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌some‌‌scientific‌‌advances?‌ A. Isaac‌‌Newton’s‌‌knowledge.‌ B. New‌‌developments‌‌in‌‌mapmaking‌‌and‌‌astronomical‌‌charts.‌ C. The‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌scientific‌‌method,‌‌emphasizing‌‌the‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌empiricism.‌ D. All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above.‌ 5)‌‌Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌statements‌‌are‌‌true‌‌about‌‌the‌‌new,‌‌innovative‌‌improvements‌‌ships‌ had‌‌during‌‌this‌‌era?‌ I. II. The‌‌new‌‌ships‌‌were‌‌much‌‌faster‌‌and‌‌easier‌‌to‌‌navigate.‌ They‌‌utilized‌‌some‌‌other‌‌new‌‌innovations‌‌such‌‌as‌‌square‌‌and‌‌lateen‌‌sails,‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌ many‌‌masts.‌ III. They‌‌were‌‌perfected‌‌or‌‌adapted‌‌to‌‌benefit‌‌trade‌‌as‌‌they‌‌generated‌‌great‌‌profit‌‌for‌‌the‌ governments.‌ A. I‌‌only‌ B. III‌‌only‌ C. I,‌‌II‌ D. I,‌‌II,‌‌III‌ 6)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌some‌‌advances‌‌in‌‌navigation‌‌tools?‌ A. The‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌lateen‌‌sails‌‌was‌‌essential‌‌for‌‌ships‌‌to‌‌alter‌‌their‌‌directions‌‌and‌‌speed,‌ further‌‌facilitating‌‌navigation.‌ B. The‌‌compass‌‌and‌‌astrolabe‌‌were‌‌two‌‌new‌‌innovations‌‌that‌‌helped‌‌explorers‌‌have‌‌more‌ knowledge‌‌about‌‌the‌‌directions‌‌they‌‌were‌‌headed‌‌to‌‌and‌‌their‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌the‌‌equator.‌ C. There‌‌were‌‌not‌‌many‌‌innovations‌‌in‌‌navigation‌‌tools,‌‌except‌‌for‌‌the‌‌growing‌ knowledge‌‌of‌‌monsoon‌‌winds‌‌that‌‌allowed‌‌sailors‌‌to‌‌comprehend‌‌the‌‌wind‌‌patterns‌‌to‌ have‌‌a‌‌safe‌‌voyage.‌ D. The‌‌elaboration‌‌of‌‌new‌‌ships‌‌as‌‌the‌‌fluyt‌‌and‌‌caravel‌‌was‌‌so‌‌advanced‌‌to‌‌the‌‌extent‌‌that‌ they‌‌no‌‌longer‌‌needed‌‌any‌‌innovative‌‌navigation‌‌tools.‌ 7)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌some‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌new‌‌innovations,‌‌whether‌‌it‌‌was‌‌in‌‌sailing,‌‌science,‌‌or‌‌other‌ aspects?‌ A. New‌‌innovations‌‌decreased‌‌the‌‌movement‌‌of‌‌people‌‌on‌‌small‌‌and‌‌large‌‌scales,‌‌since‌‌the‌ new‌‌technologies‌‌granted‌‌them‌‌everything‌‌necessary‌‌in‌‌their‌‌homelands.‌ B. Unexpectedly,‌‌there‌‌was‌‌a‌‌decrease‌‌in‌‌the‌‌exchange‌‌of‌‌goods‌‌since‌‌the‌‌new‌ technologies‌‌caused‌‌strong‌‌competition‌‌between‌‌states,‌‌leading‌‌them‌‌to‌‌desire‌‌to‌ maintain‌‌their‌‌innovations‌‌to‌‌themselves.‌ C. Mass‌‌migration‌‌and‌‌the‌‌growing‌‌spread‌‌of‌‌ideas,‌‌religions,‌‌and‌‌beliefs‌‌occurred‌‌as‌‌there‌ were‌‌new‌‌innovations‌‌that‌‌provided‌‌new‌‌opportunities‌‌for‌‌people.‌ D. New‌‌innovations‌‌led‌‌to‌‌strong‌‌feelings‌‌of‌‌superiority‌‌by‌‌the‌‌European‌‌states‌‌which‌ caused‌‌them‌‌to‌‌subjugate‌‌“inferior”‌‌populations‌‌to‌‌their‌‌power.‌ 8)‌‌Why‌‌did‌‌the‌‌European‌‌states‌‌seek‌‌an‌‌alternative‌‌route‌‌to‌‌Asia?‌ A. The‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌many‌‌new‌‌technologies‌‌motivated‌‌them‌‌to‌‌expand‌‌their‌‌empires‌‌as‌‌they‌ continued‌‌to‌‌enhance‌‌their‌‌superior‌‌ideals.‌ B. The‌‌direct‌‌routes‌‌towards‌‌Asia‌‌were‌‌controlled‌‌by‌‌competing‌‌empires,‌‌leaving‌‌them‌ with‌‌the‌‌challenge‌‌of‌‌finding‌‌a‌‌faster‌‌and‌‌more‌‌economically‌‌efficient‌‌path‌‌to‌‌Asia.‌ C. Asia‌‌began‌‌experiencing‌‌harsh‌‌climate‌‌alterations,‌‌especially‌‌caused‌‌by‌‌the‌‌monsoon‌ winds,‌‌which‌‌made‌‌traveling‌‌through‌‌the‌‌ordinary‌‌routes‌‌complicated.‌ D. The‌‌Europeans‌‌strongly‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌by‌‌altering‌‌their‌‌route‌‌they‌‌would‌‌possibly‌ encounter‌‌many‌‌riches,‌‌as‌‌they‌‌would‌‌have‌‌not‌‌explored‌‌the‌‌land‌‌on‌‌the‌‌new‌‌route‌ before.‌ 9)‌‌Why‌‌were‌‌Europeans‌‌encouraged‌‌to‌‌invest‌‌in‌‌trade‌‌and‌‌exploration?‌ A. The‌‌increasing‌‌migration‌‌rates‌‌generated‌‌new‌‌opportunities‌‌for‌‌them.‌ B. They‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌satisfy‌‌their‌‌religious‌‌figures.‌ C. Their‌‌long-lasting‌‌rivalries‌‌with‌‌Asian‌‌states‌‌encouraged‌‌them‌‌to‌‌find‌‌ways‌‌to‌ overpower‌‌them.‌ D. To‌‌encounter‌‌distinctively‌‌unique‌‌societies‌‌for‌‌Europeans‌‌to‌‌imitate‌‌their‌‌styles‌‌for‌‌more‌ elaborate‌‌empires.‌ 10)‌‌What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌three‌‌G’s‌‌of‌‌the‌‌reasons‌‌for‌‌exploration?‌ A. Giant,‌‌geography,‌‌global‌ B. Gas,‌‌game,‌‌gather‌ C. Growth,‌‌great,‌‌gain‌ D. God,‌‌gold,‌‌glory‌ 11)‌‌What‌‌role‌‌did‌‌political‌‌rivalries‌‌have‌‌in‌‌exploration?‌ A. A‌‌great‌‌role,‌‌they‌‌encouraged‌‌European‌‌states‌‌to‌‌continue‌‌expanding‌‌and‌‌consolidating‌ their‌‌power‌‌on‌‌new‌‌territories‌‌as‌‌they‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌seem‌‌superior.‌ B. A‌‌great‌‌role,‌‌rivalries‌‌discouraged‌‌the‌‌rulers‌‌to‌‌explore‌‌as‌‌they‌‌did‌‌not‌‌want‌‌to‌‌intervene‌ with‌‌their‌‌enemies,‌‌knowing‌‌they‌‌could‌‌easily‌‌be‌‌defeated.‌ C. A‌‌little‌‌role,‌‌Europeans‌‌did‌‌explore‌‌but‌‌did‌‌not‌‌consider‌‌the‌‌political‌‌rivalries‌‌they‌‌had.‌ D. A‌‌little‌‌role,‌‌rivalries‌‌did‌‌not‌‌generate‌‌or‌‌eliminate‌‌any‌‌motives‌‌for‌‌exploration.‌ 12)‌‌What‌‌did‌‌the‌‌era’s‌‌economic‌‌system‌‌consist‌‌of?‌ A. Capitalism:‌‌The‌‌private‌‌ownership‌‌of‌‌the‌‌market.‌ B. Laissez-faire:‌‌Policy‌‌of‌‌no‌‌intervention‌‌in‌‌economics,‌‌letting‌‌the‌‌market‌‌regulate‌‌on‌‌its‌ own.‌ C. Mercantilism:‌‌Maximizing‌‌exports‌‌and‌‌minimizing‌‌imports‌‌through‌‌the‌‌use‌‌of‌‌gold‌‌and‌ silver.‌ D. Absolutism‌‌on‌‌economics:‌‌Allowed‌‌the‌‌empire’s‌‌ruler‌‌to‌‌completely‌‌control‌‌the‌‌trade‌ and‌‌economic‌‌policies‌‌of‌‌the‌‌empire.‌ 13)‌‌Who‌‌were‌‌the‌‌main‌‌explorers‌‌of‌‌this‌‌time‌‌period?‌ A. John‌‌Cabot,‌‌Henry‌‌Hudson‌ B. Ferdinand‌‌Magellan,‌‌Christopher‌‌Columbus‌ C. De‌‌Champlain,‌‌Cartier‌ D. All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above‌ 14)‌‌Where‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Portuguese‌‌arrive‌‌during‌‌their‌‌exploration?‌ A. Sub-Saharan‌‌Africa‌‌and‌‌several‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌Southeast‌‌Asia.‌ B. The‌‌majority‌‌of‌‌South‌‌Asia.‌ C. The‌‌African‌‌horn‌‌and‌‌Indian‌‌sea‌‌zone.‌ D. A‌‌few‌‌Caribbean‌‌islands.‌ 15)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌principal‌‌effect‌‌that‌‌resulted‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Exploration‌‌Age?‌ A. The‌‌enactment‌‌of‌‌imperialism‌‌in‌‌Asian‌‌areas.‌ B. The‌‌European‌‌encounter‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌would‌‌develop‌‌colonization.‌ C. The‌‌establishment‌‌of‌‌trading‌‌posts‌‌in‌‌regions‌‌of‌‌America.‌ D. The‌‌religious‌‌conflict‌‌between‌‌Catholicism‌‌and‌‌Protestantism.‌ 16)‌‌How‌‌can‌‌the‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange‌‌be‌‌defined?‌ A. The‌‌money‌‌Columbus‌‌exchanged‌‌to‌‌prepare‌‌for‌‌his‌‌journey.‌ B. The‌‌transfer‌‌of‌‌crops,‌‌animals,‌‌diseases,‌‌ideas,‌‌and‌‌people‌‌between‌‌the‌‌New‌‌World‌‌and‌ the‌‌Old‌‌World.‌ C. An‌‌interchange‌‌in‌‌which‌‌Afro-Eurasia‌‌only‌‌traded‌‌simple‌‌crops‌‌in‌‌exchange‌‌for‌ potatoes‌‌and‌‌chocolate‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ D. The‌‌interaction‌‌between‌‌Columbus‌‌and‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌people‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌as‌ they‌‌exchanged‌‌facts‌‌and‌‌ideas‌‌about‌‌their‌‌cities‌‌to‌‌gain‌‌knowledge.‌ 17)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌worst‌‌negative‌‌effect‌‌caused‌‌by‌‌Columbus’‌‌arrival‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas?‌ A. The‌‌decimation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Americas’‌‌population‌‌by‌‌disease.‌ B. The‌‌enslavement‌‌of‌‌indigenous‌‌people‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ C. Genocide‌‌targeting‌‌indigenous‌‌people‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ D. The‌‌destruction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌previously‌‌stable‌‌European‌‌economy.‌ 18)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌some‌‌crops‌‌brought‌‌from‌‌Afro-Eurasia‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas,‌‌and‌‌vice-versa?‌ A. Rice‌‌←→‌‌corn.‌ B. Chocolate‌‌←→‌‌potato.‌ C. Wheat‌‌←→‌‌pig‌‌meat.‌ D. None‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above.‌ 19)‌‌Why‌‌were‌‌diseases‌‌transmitted‌‌to‌‌such‌‌a‌‌large‌‌extent‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Afro-Eurasians‌ arrived?‌ A. A‌‌new‌‌pandemic‌‌in‌‌the‌‌world‌‌emerged‌‌started‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌during‌‌their‌‌explorations.‌ B. The‌‌Europeans‌‌realized‌‌they‌‌would‌‌be‌‌defenseless‌‌even‌‌with‌‌great‌‌amounts‌‌of‌ weapons,‌‌leading‌‌them‌‌to‌‌encapsulate‌‌viruses‌‌to‌‌be‌‌spread‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ C. Indigenous‌‌people‌‌had‌‌no‌‌immunity‌‌to‌‌the‌‌diseases‌‌brought‌‌since‌‌they‌‌had‌‌no‌‌previous‌ interaction‌‌with‌‌these.‌ D. The‌‌indigenous‌‌people‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌refused‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌medical‌‌help‌‌from‌‌the‌ Europeans‌‌as‌‌they‌‌would‌‌make‌‌them‌‌seem‌‌weak,‌‌which‌‌consequently‌‌increased‌‌the‌ transmission‌‌of‌‌diseases.‌ 20)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌the‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange‌‌on‌‌the‌‌environment?‌ A. Lack‌‌of‌‌water‌‌resources.‌ B. Deforestation.‌ C. Soil‌‌depletion.‌ D. All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above.‌ 21)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌function‌‌of‌‌trading‌‌post‌‌cities,‌‌aside‌‌from‌‌trade‌‌involvement?‌ A. Become‌‌a‌‌center‌‌for‌‌politics.‌ B. Settle‌‌a‌‌base‌‌for‌‌European‌‌colonizers.‌ C. Provide‌‌a‌‌home‌‌for‌‌the‌‌European‌‌colonizers‌‌and‌‌explorers.‌ D. Establish‌‌a‌‌safe‌‌space‌‌for‌‌European‌‌missionaries‌‌to‌‌spread‌‌religions‌‌in‌‌new‌‌areas‌‌of‌ Africa‌‌and‌‌Asia.‌ 22)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌response‌‌to‌‌missionaries‌‌in‌‌their‌‌country?‌ A. Unsympathetically,‌‌they‌‌were‌‌welcomed‌‌at‌‌first‌‌but‌‌later‌‌on,‌‌the‌‌missionaries‌‌were‌ expelled‌‌from‌‌the‌‌country‌‌for‌‌Japan‌‌to‌‌pursue‌‌an‌‌isolationist‌‌policy‌‌and‌‌prohibit‌ Christianity.‌ B. Embracing,‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌were‌‌delighted‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌missionaries‌‌as‌‌they‌‌valued‌‌diverse‌ cultures‌‌and‌‌beliefs.‌‌They‌‌constantly‌‌invited‌‌them‌‌to‌‌events‌‌for‌‌them‌‌to‌‌display‌‌their‌ religion‌‌in‌‌an‌‌intellectual‌‌way.‌ C. Indifferently,‌‌the‌‌government‌‌allowed‌‌them‌‌to‌‌freely‌‌spread‌‌their‌‌religion‌‌without‌ lovingly‌‌welcoming‌‌them.‌ D. Diversely,‌‌newer‌‌generations‌‌happily‌‌received‌‌the‌‌missionaries‌‌as‌‌they‌‌desired‌‌to‌ interact‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌to‌‌gain‌‌more‌‌knowledge‌‌about‌‌the‌‌entirety‌‌of‌‌the‌‌world.‌ Nonetheless,‌‌citizens‌‌with‌‌strong‌‌traditional‌‌values‌‌opposed‌‌their‌‌presence.‌ 23)‌‌Why‌‌did‌‌China‌‌strongly‌‌adhere‌‌to‌‌isolationism?‌ A. Avoid‌‌war-like‌‌conflict‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Europeans.‌ B. Prepare‌‌themselves‌‌for‌‌future‌‌defense‌‌against‌‌the‌‌expanding‌‌Japanese.‌ C. Protect‌‌themselves‌‌from‌‌European‌‌influences.‌ D. Avoid‌‌being‌‌transmitted‌‌harsh‌‌diseases‌‌that‌‌decimated‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌populations‌‌of‌‌the‌ Americas.‌ 24)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌initial‌‌role‌‌of‌‌the‌‌British‌‌East‌‌India‌‌Company‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Mughal‌‌empire?‌ A. Provide‌‌the‌‌British‌‌with‌‌a‌‌temporary‌‌home‌‌in‌‌the‌‌empire‌‌to‌‌learn‌‌about‌‌the‌‌Mughals’‌ culture‌‌and‌‌beliefs,‌‌as‌‌they‌‌were‌‌fascinated‌‌by‌‌their‌‌state.‌ B. Indirectly‌‌battle‌‌with‌‌other‌‌Asian‌‌regions‌‌that‌‌had‌‌been‌‌strongly‌‌isolated‌‌from‌‌the‌ Europeans‌‌to‌‌finally‌‌defeat‌‌them.‌ C. Conquer‌‌the‌‌entirety‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Empire‌‌by‌‌trading‌‌them‌‌poisoned‌‌goods.‌ D. Promote‌‌economic‌‌exchange‌‌between‌‌the‌‌European‌‌and‌‌Asian‌‌regions,‌‌while‌‌exerting‌ their‌‌influence.‌ 25)‌‌What‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Treaty‌‌of‌‌Tordesillas‌‌enact?‌ A. It‌‌separated‌‌the‌‌Portuguese‌‌and‌‌Spanish‌‌rights‌‌to‌‌colonize‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌with‌‌an‌ imaginary‌‌line‌‌on‌‌a‌‌map.‌ B. It‌‌gave‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌Tordesillas‌‌to‌‌create‌‌a‌‌single‌‌city‌‌dedicated‌‌to‌‌the‌ royals‌‌and‌‌nobility.‌ C. It‌‌legally‌‌allowed‌‌the‌‌European‌‌states‌‌to‌‌enslave‌‌any‌‌person‌‌from‌‌the‌‌regions‌‌of‌‌Asia‌ and‌‌Africa,‌‌as‌‌long‌‌as‌‌they‌‌paid‌‌the‌‌African‌‌kingdoms‌‌a‌‌small‌‌fee.‌ D. It‌‌placed‌‌expansionist‌‌restrictions‌‌on‌‌European‌‌states,‌‌especially‌‌the‌‌British,‌‌as‌‌they‌ now‌‌had‌‌to‌‌regulate‌‌their‌‌interactions‌‌with‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌people‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas‌ with‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌not‌‌decreasing‌‌their‌‌population‌‌even‌‌more.‌ 26)‌‌How‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌defeat‌‌the‌‌Latin‌‌American‌‌empires‌‌for‌‌conquest?‌ A. Through‌‌the‌‌mass‌‌transmission‌‌of‌‌diseases.‌ B. Allyship‌‌with‌‌other‌‌indigenous‌‌communities.‌ C. Forcing‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌to‌‌give‌‌away‌‌their‌‌riches‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌a‌‌sort‌‌of‌‌protection‌‌from‌‌the‌ Europeans.‌ D. All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above.‌ 27)‌‌Why‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Seven‌‌Years’‌‌War‌‌occur?‌ A. The‌‌Indigenous‌‌people‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌fiercely‌‌attempted‌‌to‌‌remain‌‌independent‌‌for‌ which‌‌they‌‌continued‌‌to‌‌battle‌‌the‌‌French‌‌colonizers‌‌for‌‌many‌‌years.‌ B. The‌‌strong‌‌rivalry‌‌between‌‌the‌‌French‌‌and‌‌British‌‌led‌‌them‌‌to‌‌battle‌‌for‌‌the‌‌control‌‌of‌ land‌‌and‌‌resources‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Canadian‌‌colonies.‌ C. The‌‌Europeans‌‌kept‌‌losing‌‌their‌‌population‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌and‌‌so,‌‌they‌‌allied‌‌to‌‌all‌ collectively‌‌defeat‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌and‌‌avoid‌‌diminishing‌‌their‌‌own‌‌citizens.‌ D. It‌‌was‌‌a‌‌conflict‌‌between‌‌the‌‌Native‌‌Americans‌‌and‌‌the‌‌British‌‌as‌‌they‌‌attempted‌‌to‌ resist‌‌religiously‌‌by‌‌conducting‌‌rituals‌‌and‌‌sacrifices‌‌to‌‌their‌‌spirits.‌ 28)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌the‌‌characteristics‌‌of‌‌the‌‌triangular‌‌trade?‌ A. Occurred‌‌between‌‌Europe‌‌to‌‌Africa,‌‌Africa‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌to‌ Europe‌‌as‌‌it‌‌was‌‌crucial‌‌for‌‌these‌‌areas‌‌to‌‌be‌‌communicated‌‌economically.‌ B. It‌‌happened‌‌between‌‌the‌‌native‌‌Americans‌‌from‌‌today's‌‌USA,‌‌the‌‌Indigenous‌ communities‌‌from‌‌now‌‌Mexico,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌natives‌‌from‌‌modern‌‌Canada,‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌their‌ economy‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Europeans.‌ C. It‌‌was‌‌the‌‌interaction‌‌between‌‌native‌‌North‌‌Americans,‌‌South‌‌Americans,‌‌and‌‌Africans‌ to‌‌avoid‌‌being‌‌highly‌‌mistreated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Europeans,‌‌through‌‌trading‌‌information‌‌and‌ resources‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌themselves.‌ D. It‌‌was‌‌the‌‌exchange‌‌between‌‌Europe‌‌and‌‌Africa‌‌for‌‌enslaved‌‌people.‌ 29)‌‌What‌‌did‌‌the‌‌new‌‌labor‌‌systems‌‌in‌‌Spanish‌‌America‌‌consist‌‌of?‌ A. It‌‌consisted‌‌of‌‌complete‌‌slavery‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Indigenous‌‌populations‌‌were‌‌all‌‌forced‌‌to‌‌work‌ with‌‌the‌‌Spanish.‌ B. It‌‌functioned‌‌as‌‌a‌‌tribute‌‌system‌‌in‌‌which‌‌the‌‌natives‌‌would‌‌give‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌ information‌‌about‌‌the‌‌whereabouts‌‌of‌‌gold‌‌and‌‌silver,‌‌tempting‌‌them‌‌to‌‌discover‌‌it‌ while‌‌the‌‌natives‌‌could‌‌protect‌‌themselves.‌ C. It‌‌demanded‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌people‌‌harvest‌‌for‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌in‌‌exchange‌‌for‌‌life‌ necessities‌‌such‌‌as‌‌food‌‌and‌‌shelter.‌ D. The‌‌system‌‌was‌‌born‌‌on‌‌intelligence‌‌ideals‌‌meaning‌‌all‌‌workers‌‌were‌‌examined‌‌to‌ determine‌‌which‌‌job‌‌would‌‌be‌‌the‌‌best‌‌for‌‌them,‌‌with‌‌the‌‌goal‌‌of‌‌maximizing‌ production.‌ 30)‌‌Why‌‌was‌‌the‌‌silver‌‌trade‌‌important‌‌for‌‌the‌‌maritime‌‌empires?‌ A. The‌‌Europeans,‌‌especially‌‌the‌‌Spanish,‌‌wanted‌‌to‌‌construct‌‌silver-only‌‌infrastructure‌‌in‌ their‌‌states‌‌to‌‌demonstrate‌‌their‌‌strong‌‌capability‌‌of‌‌conquest.‌ B. Due‌‌to‌‌mercantilism‌‌since‌‌it‌‌explicitly‌‌focused‌‌on‌‌silver,‌‌which‌‌was‌‌abundant‌‌in‌‌several‌ parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ C. The‌‌empires‌‌viewed‌‌silver‌‌as‌‌a‌‌precious‌‌metal‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌religion,‌‌therefore‌‌having‌ large‌‌amounts‌‌of‌‌silver‌‌would‌‌mean‌‌they‌‌had‌‌a‌‌strong‌‌connection‌‌with‌‌God.‌ D. Colonizers‌‌placed‌‌a‌‌strong‌‌emphasis‌‌on‌‌silver‌‌as‌‌they‌‌believed‌‌it‌‌contained‌‌healing‌ properties‌‌that‌‌could‌‌help‌‌them‌‌retrieve‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌populations‌‌lost‌‌to‌‌disease,‌ considering‌‌they‌‌needed‌‌them‌‌for‌‌cheap‌‌labor.‌ 31)‌‌How‌‌was‌‌the‌‌Atlantic‌‌Slave‌‌Trade‌‌influenced‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange?‌ A. The‌‌enslaved‌‌people‌‌refused‌‌to‌‌participate‌‌in‌‌the‌‌exchanges‌‌as‌‌they‌‌fled‌‌from‌‌African‌ regions‌‌to‌‌Asia.‌ B. The‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange‌‌brought‌‌many‌‌new‌‌crops‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌which‌‌needed‌‌to‌ be‌‌cultivated‌‌in‌‌a‌‌free‌‌manner,‌‌for‌‌which‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌enslaved‌‌Africans‌‌to‌‌provide‌ them‌‌with‌‌such‌‌labor.‌ C. The‌‌European‌‌colonizers‌‌needed‌‌larger‌‌populations‌‌to‌‌seek‌‌gold‌‌and‌‌silver‌‌as‌‌it‌‌became‌ necessary‌‌for‌‌the‌‌continuous‌‌Columbian‌‌exchange‌‌with‌‌the‌‌world.‌ D. The‌‌exchange‌‌brought‌‌many‌‌diseases‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌that‌‌completely‌‌diminished‌‌the‌ native‌‌population‌‌meaning‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌had‌‌no‌‌source‌‌for‌‌cheap‌‌labor;‌‌for‌‌which,‌ they‌‌used‌‌the‌‌Atlantic‌‌Slave‌‌trade‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌labor.‌ 32)‌‌How‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Atlantic‌‌Slave‌‌Trade‌‌generate‌‌a‌‌diaspora?‌ A. It‌‌brought‌‌cultural‌‌beliefs,‌‌languages,‌‌foods,‌‌and‌‌more.‌ B. Created‌‌more‌‌than‌‌1000‌‌dialects,‌‌among‌‌them‌‌“Creole”.‌ C. Generated‌‌new‌‌types‌‌of‌‌music‌‌such‌‌as‌‌gospel,‌‌jazz,‌‌reggae,‌‌samba,‌‌and‌‌hip‌‌hop.‌ D. All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above.‌ 33)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌the‌‌principal‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Atlantic‌‌Slave‌‌Trade‌‌in‌‌Africa?‌ A. There‌‌was‌‌an‌‌increase‌‌in‌‌the‌‌African‌‌population‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌rewarded‌‌the‌‌African‌ kingdoms‌‌with‌‌large‌‌amounts‌‌of‌‌food‌‌and‌‌money‌‌for‌‌providing‌‌them‌‌with‌‌Africans‌‌to‌ enslave.‌ B. African‌‌religious‌‌beliefs‌‌grew‌‌in‌‌power‌‌as‌‌the‌‌African‌‌populations‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌feel‌ protected‌‌from‌‌the‌‌slave‌‌trade.‌ C. Gender‌‌imbalances‌‌arose‌‌in‌‌Africa‌‌as‌‌there‌‌were‌‌much‌‌more‌‌women‌‌than‌‌men,‌ developing‌‌polygamy‌‌tendencies‌‌in‌‌the‌‌area.‌ D. African‌‌kingdoms‌‌grew‌‌economically‌‌as‌‌they‌‌received‌‌payment‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌in‌ exchange‌‌for‌‌enslaved‌‌people.‌ 34)‌‌How‌‌did‌‌mercantilist‌‌policies‌‌create‌‌a‌‌Commercial‌‌Revolution?‌ A. Mercantilism‌‌focused‌‌on‌‌maximizing‌‌exports‌‌and‌‌minimizing‌‌imports‌‌by‌‌utilizing‌‌gold‌ and‌‌silver,‌‌the‌‌two‌‌precious‌‌metals‌‌that‌‌characterized‌‌the‌‌commercial‌‌revolution.‌ B. It‌‌underdeveloped‌‌European‌‌colonies‌‌which‌‌led‌‌to‌‌desperation‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌and‌ thus,‌‌they‌‌created‌‌a‌‌revolution‌‌to‌‌strengthen‌‌their‌‌empires.‌ C. It‌‌decreased‌‌the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌trading‌‌posts‌‌to‌‌center‌‌the‌‌revolution‌‌in‌‌Europe,‌‌for‌‌only‌ them‌‌to‌‌be‌‌benefited.‌ D. It‌‌diminished‌‌any‌‌form‌‌of‌‌inflation‌‌that‌‌could‌‌cause‌‌economic‌‌harm.‌ 35)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌joint-stock‌‌companies?‌ A. Create‌‌partnerships‌‌between‌‌Europeans‌‌to‌‌decrease‌‌the‌‌political‌‌rivalries‌‌they‌‌faced‌‌in‌ economics.‌ B. Comply‌‌with‌‌the‌‌ongoing‌‌demands‌‌and‌‌avoid‌‌any‌‌major‌‌risks‌‌in‌‌business.‌ C. Generate‌‌new‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌economics‌‌as‌‌the‌‌colonies‌‌were‌‌not‌‌providing‌‌enough‌‌profit‌‌for‌ the‌‌European‌‌states.‌ D. To‌‌decrease‌‌the‌‌revenue‌‌of‌‌the‌‌colonies‌‌since‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌who‌‌remained‌‌in‌‌Europe‌ were‌‌losing‌‌their‌‌money‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌colonies.‌ 36)‌‌How‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌viceroys‌‌and‌‌audiencias‌‌generate‌‌conflicts‌‌with‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌people‌ of‌‌the‌‌Americas?‌ A. They‌‌constituted‌‌themselves‌‌with‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌power‌‌among‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌who‌ desired‌‌to‌‌preserve‌‌their‌‌culture,‌‌which‌‌the‌‌European‌‌were‌‌destroying.‌ B. They‌‌did‌‌not‌‌generate‌‌any‌‌conflict‌‌considering‌‌they‌‌worked‌‌in‌‌favor‌‌of‌‌the‌‌natives‌‌to‌ promote‌‌stable‌‌peace‌‌in‌‌the‌‌colonies.‌ C. These‌‌only‌‌created‌‌conflict‌‌with‌‌the‌‌past‌‌indigenous‌‌rulers‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌had‌‌to‌ delegitimatize‌‌their‌‌authority,‌‌while‌‌the‌‌other‌‌natives‌‌had‌‌no‌‌problem‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌ viceroys‌‌and‌‌audiencias.‌ D. These‌‌helped‌‌conserve‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌culture‌‌that‌‌began‌‌to‌‌lose‌‌itself‌‌at‌‌the‌‌beginning‌ of‌‌the‌‌conquest.‌ 37)‌‌How‌‌did‌‌syncretic‌‌belief‌‌systems‌‌challenge‌‌the‌‌power‌‌of‌‌the‌‌colonizing‌‌empires?‌ A. It‌‌established‌‌new‌‌aspects‌‌of‌‌culture‌‌made‌‌to‌‌glorify‌‌the‌‌European‌‌state.‌ B. It‌‌demonstrated‌‌the‌‌Indigenous‌‌peoples’‌‌adherence‌‌to‌‌European‌‌new‌‌customs.‌ C. It‌‌proved‌‌that‌‌natives‌‌still‌‌strongly‌‌attempted‌‌to‌‌conserve‌‌their‌‌own‌‌culture‌‌and‌‌beliefs.‌ D. It‌‌developed‌‌alongside‌‌revolting‌‌labor‌‌systems.‌ 38)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌Queen‌‌Nzinga’s‌‌response‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Portuguese‌‌colonizers?‌ A. She‌‌immediately‌‌resigned‌‌her‌‌power‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Portuguese‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌mass‌‌murders‌‌in‌‌her‌ kingdom.‌ B. She‌‌abstained‌‌from‌‌making‌‌any‌‌decision‌‌since‌‌she‌‌did‌‌not‌‌consider‌‌the‌‌Portuguese‌‌were‌ an‌‌imminent‌‌threat‌‌to‌‌her‌‌kingdom.‌ C. She‌‌directed‌‌her‌‌citizens‌‌to‌‌escape‌‌to‌‌outer‌‌regions‌‌of‌‌Asia‌‌as‌‌she‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌avoid‌ including‌‌them‌‌in‌‌any‌‌conflict.‌ D. She‌‌allied‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Dutch‌‌to‌‌help‌‌them‌‌defend‌‌themselves‌‌against‌‌the‌‌Portuguese.‌ 39)‌‌Why‌‌did‌‌Russian‌‌serfs‌‌face‌‌a‌‌great‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌governmental‌‌conflict?‌ A. They‌‌repeatedly‌‌mocked‌‌the‌‌government‌‌as‌‌they‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌adhere‌‌to‌‌their‌‌own‌ traditions.‌ B. They‌‌were‌‌under‌‌constant,‌‌harsh‌‌oppression‌‌as‌‌they‌‌had‌‌no‌‌freedom‌‌and‌‌large‌‌debts.‌ C. They‌‌attempted‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌off‌‌their‌‌debts‌‌by‌‌revolting‌‌against‌‌the‌‌government‌‌and‌‌stealing‌ large‌‌amounts‌‌of‌‌riches‌‌and‌‌gold.‌ D. They‌‌created‌‌anti-Russian‌‌sentiments‌‌in‌‌Russian‌‌colonies.‌ 40)‌‌How‌‌and‌‌why‌‌was‌‌the‌‌Maratha‌‌Empire‌‌created?‌ A. Several‌‌ethnic‌‌minorities‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Ottoman‌‌empire‌‌plotted‌‌together‌‌to‌‌separate‌‌from‌‌the‌ empire‌‌and‌‌have‌‌the‌‌ability‌‌to‌‌rule‌‌themselves,‌‌by‌‌demanding‌‌law‌‌reform.‌ B. It‌‌was‌‌created‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌in‌‌South‌‌America‌‌as‌‌a‌‌response‌‌to‌‌the‌‌revolting‌‌natives‌ as‌‌it‌‌allowed‌‌them‌‌to‌‌preserve‌‌some‌‌aspects‌‌of‌‌their‌‌culture,‌‌in‌‌exchange‌‌for‌‌more‌‌labor.‌ C. The‌‌Hindu‌‌minority‌‌warriors‌‌known‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Marathas‌‌overpowered‌‌the‌‌Mughals‌‌and‌ established‌‌their‌‌own‌‌empire.‌ D. The‌‌religious‌‌rivalry‌‌between‌‌the‌‌Ottomans‌‌and‌‌Safavids‌‌continued‌‌to‌‌grow‌‌until‌‌they‌ allied‌‌to‌‌create‌‌a‌‌sub-region‌‌of‌‌their‌‌empires‌‌in‌‌which‌‌these‌‌contrasting‌‌beliefs‌‌of‌ Sunnism‌‌and‌‌Shi’ism‌‌could‌‌interact‌‌peacefully.‌ 41)‌‌What‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Pueblo‌‌Revolt‌‌seek?‌ A. Indigenous‌‌groups‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌reinforce‌‌their‌‌presence‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌against‌ Europeans.‌ B. The‌‌removal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌from‌‌native‌‌territories.‌ C. The‌‌continuation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌natives’‌‌religious‌‌and‌‌cultural‌‌beliefs.‌ D. All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above.‌ 42)‌‌What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌main‌‌direct‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌the‌‌95‌‌Theses‌‌and‌‌Lutheranism?‌ A. The‌‌separation‌‌between‌‌Catholicism‌‌and‌‌Protestantism‌‌as‌‌a‌‌new‌‌religion.‌ B. Various‌‌Church‌‌reforms‌‌in‌‌an‌‌attempt‌‌to‌‌satisfy‌‌their‌‌followers.‌ C. The‌‌discrimination‌‌of‌‌Catholics‌‌in‌‌the‌‌European‌‌continent.‌ D. The‌‌spread‌‌of‌‌missionaries‌‌in‌‌the‌‌colonies‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ 43)‌‌What‌‌were‌‌the‌‌two‌‌new‌‌harsh‌‌and‌‌discriminatory‌‌labor‌‌systems?‌ A. Chattel‌‌slavery,‌‌indentured‌‌servitude.‌ B. Economic‌‌slavery,‌‌Millet‌‌system.‌ C. Forced‌‌labor‌‌of‌‌criminals‌‌and‌‌priests.‌ D. None‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above.‌ 44)‌‌How‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌castas‌‌divide‌‌people?‌ A. It‌‌divided‌‌them‌‌by‌‌class.‌ B. It‌‌divided‌‌them‌‌by‌‌race.‌ C. It‌‌divided‌‌them‌‌by‌‌religion.‌ D. It‌‌divided‌‌them‌‌by‌‌ethnicity.‌ 45)‌‌In‌‌which‌‌ways‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Manchus‌‌assert‌‌their‌‌cultural‌‌dominance‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Qing‌‌Dynasty?‌ A. By‌‌placing‌‌themselves‌‌in‌‌the‌‌richest‌‌areas‌‌of‌‌the‌‌famous‌‌cities‌‌of‌‌the‌‌dynasty.‌ B. By‌‌forcing‌‌the‌‌entirety‌‌of‌‌the‌‌population‌‌to‌‌wear‌‌clothes‌‌and‌‌style‌‌their‌‌hair‌‌in‌ Manchu-style.‌ C. By‌‌continuing‌‌the‌‌practices‌‌of‌‌foot-binding‌‌and‌‌appealing‌‌to‌‌new‌‌Confucian‌‌ideals.‌ D. By‌‌establishing‌‌their‌‌religion‌‌as‌‌dominant‌‌in‌‌the‌‌empire.‌ 46)‌‌How‌‌did‌‌European‌‌political‌‌power‌‌actually‌‌distribute‌‌itself?‌ A. The‌‌nobility‌‌had‌‌great‌‌power‌‌both‌‌over‌‌the‌‌Parliament‌‌and‌‌the‌‌royals,‌‌while‌‌the‌ commoners‌‌held‌‌a‌‌decent‌‌status‌‌in‌‌society.‌ B. The‌‌royals‌‌shared‌‌their‌‌power‌‌with‌‌every‌‌class‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country‌‌as‌‌they‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌promote‌ stability‌‌and‌‌peace‌‌in‌‌their‌‌states.‌ C. Commoners‌‌often‌‌held‌‌the‌‌higher‌‌ground‌‌in‌‌Parliamentary‌‌decisions‌‌considering‌‌that‌ the‌‌nobility‌‌would‌‌be‌‌disadvantaged‌‌if‌‌the‌‌commoners‌‌were‌‌to‌‌be‌‌unsatisfied.‌ D. The‌‌monarch‌‌had‌‌the‌‌majority‌‌of‌‌the‌‌power‌‌over‌‌the‌‌state‌‌while‌‌the‌‌nobility‌‌mainly‌ controlled‌‌the‌‌Parliament,‌‌leaving‌‌the‌‌commoners‌‌in‌‌ruin.‌ Explanations‌ 1. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌The‌‌past‌‌unit‌‌3‌‌focuses‌‌on‌‌land-based‌‌empires‌‌and‌‌for‌‌this‌‌unit,‌‌it‌ highlights‌‌the‌‌opposite,‌‌the‌‌maritime-based‌‌empires.‌‌These‌‌are‌‌the‌‌empires‌‌that‌‌seek‌‌to‌ expand‌‌and‌‌consolidate‌‌their‌‌power‌‌by‌‌sea‌‌either‌‌through‌‌conquests,‌‌setting‌‌a‌‌navy,‌‌or‌ establishing‌‌sea-trading‌‌posts.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌important‌‌to‌‌understand‌‌this‌‌definition‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌ understand‌‌the‌‌contrast‌‌between‌‌the‌‌past‌‌unit‌‌and‌‌comprehend‌‌the‌‌types‌‌of‌‌states‌ evaluated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌unit.‌ 2. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌Throughout‌‌history,‌‌technological‌‌advancements‌‌have‌‌always‌‌been‌ crucial‌‌to‌‌sustaining‌‌growing‌‌populations‌‌as‌‌they‌‌would‌‌respond‌‌to‌‌the‌‌growing‌ demands‌‌for‌‌innovation.‌ 3. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌This‌‌revolution‌‌was‌‌an‌‌immense‌‌movement‌‌impulsed‌‌by‌‌Francis‌ Bacon’s‌‌approach‌‌to‌‌empiricism,‌‌meaning‌‌the‌‌utilization‌‌of‌‌data‌‌to‌‌support‌‌a‌‌scientific‌ hypothesis.‌‌This‌‌encouraged‌‌many‌‌other‌‌scientists‌‌in‌‌Europe‌‌to‌‌develop‌‌their‌‌own‌ advances.‌ 4. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌These‌‌scientific‌‌discoveries‌‌and‌‌advances‌‌emerged‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌ Scientific‌‌Revolution‌‌that‌‌encouraged‌‌many‌‌scientists‌‌to‌‌approach‌‌new‌‌investigations‌ and‌‌developments‌‌from‌‌a‌‌more‌‌general,‌‌empiric‌‌approach.‌ 5. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌The‌‌three‌‌main‌‌ships‌‌invented‌‌in‌‌this‌‌time‌‌period‌‌were‌‌the‌‌fluyt,‌ caravel,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌carrack.‌‌The‌‌caravel‌‌emerged‌‌in‌‌Portugal‌‌and‌‌functioned‌‌as‌‌a‌‌faster,‌ more‌‌navigable‌‌ship‌‌for‌‌trade.‌‌Similarly,‌‌the‌‌Dutch‌‌developed‌‌the‌‌fluyt‌‌that‌‌could‌‌carry‌ larger‌‌amounts‌‌of‌‌cargo‌‌with‌‌faster‌‌speeds‌‌and‌‌smaller‌‌crews.‌ 6. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌The‌‌compass‌‌and‌‌the‌‌astrolabe‌‌had‌‌already‌‌been‌‌invented‌‌time‌ before‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Han‌‌Dynasty‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Mediterranean‌‌Greek‌‌Empire,‌‌and‌‌were‌‌only‌‌further‌ developed‌‌in‌‌this‌‌time‌‌period.‌‌The‌‌newest‌‌invention‌‌was‌‌instead‌‌the‌‌lateen‌‌sails‌‌that‌ allowed‌‌ships‌‌to‌‌easily‌‌maneuver‌‌different‌‌directions‌‌with‌‌faster‌‌speeds.‌ 7. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌The‌‌main‌‌impacts‌‌of‌‌technological‌‌innovation‌‌were‌‌the‌‌increase‌‌of‌ trade,‌‌diasporas,‌‌and‌‌migration‌‌as‌‌the‌‌new‌‌innovations‌‌facilitated‌‌the‌‌movement‌‌of‌‌any‌ individual.‌ 8. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌The‌‌Europeans‌‌relied‌‌on‌‌various‌‌goods‌‌only‌‌found‌‌in‌‌Asia,‌‌which‌ caused‌‌them‌‌to‌‌struggle‌‌and‌‌stress‌‌as‌‌the‌‌growing‌‌Asian‌‌empires‌‌enacted‌‌stricter‌‌control‌ on‌‌the‌‌routes.‌‌By‌‌finding‌‌another‌‌route,‌‌it‌‌would‌‌mean‌‌that‌‌they‌‌could‌‌avoid‌ interactions‌‌with‌‌the‌‌majority‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Asian‌‌empire‌‌and‌‌then‌‌control‌‌such‌‌routes‌‌to‌‌profit‌ even‌‌more.‌ 9. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Europeans‌‌invested‌‌in‌‌trade‌‌and‌‌exploration‌‌considering‌‌that‌‌by‌ expanding‌‌their‌‌empires,‌‌they‌‌could‌‌prosper‌‌more.‌‌These‌‌opportunities‌‌for‌‌investment‌ were‌‌generated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌increasing‌‌migration‌‌rates‌‌and‌‌movement‌‌of‌‌people.‌ 10. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌These‌‌three‌‌G’s‌‌of‌‌God,‌‌Gold,‌‌and‌‌Glory‌‌were‌‌considered‌‌the‌ principal‌‌motivations‌‌for‌‌exploration‌‌and‌‌further‌‌colonization,‌‌as‌‌they‌‌functioned‌‌as‌‌a‌ slogan‌‌of‌‌the‌‌era.‌ 11. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Political‌‌rivalries‌‌motivated‌‌Europeans‌‌to‌‌continue‌‌to‌‌colonize‌‌and‌ expand‌‌as‌‌it‌‌would‌‌assert‌‌their‌‌dominance‌‌in‌‌the‌‌global‌‌sphere.‌ 12. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌Mercantilism‌‌was‌‌the‌‌predominant‌‌economic‌‌system‌‌of‌‌the‌‌maritime‌ empires‌‌as‌‌it‌‌profited‌‌governments‌‌with‌‌gold‌‌and‌‌silver.‌‌It‌‌would‌‌further‌‌help‌‌develop‌ early‌‌capitalism.‌ 13. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌explorers‌‌characterized‌‌the‌‌Age‌‌of‌‌Exploration‌ as‌‌they‌‌sailed‌‌to‌‌Africa,‌‌Asia,‌‌and,‌‌especially,‌‌America.‌ 14. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Portuguese‌‌explorers‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Vasco‌‌de‌‌Gama,‌‌Prince‌‌Henry‌‌the‌ Navigator,‌‌and‌‌Bartholomew‌‌Diaz‌‌all‌‌explored‌‌Sub-Saharan‌‌Africa.‌‌There‌‌were‌‌other‌ navigations‌‌to‌‌modern‌‌Indonesia,‌‌China,‌‌and‌‌India;‌‌although,‌‌these‌‌were‌‌not‌‌very‌ successful.‌ 15. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌When‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌started‌‌their‌‌mission‌‌to‌‌find‌‌a‌‌new‌‌route‌‌to‌ Asia,‌‌they‌‌never‌‌believed‌‌they‌‌would‌‌encounter‌‌a‌‌new‌‌continent.‌‌The‌‌main‌‌event‌‌of‌‌the‌ Exploration‌‌Age‌‌was‌‌Columbus’‌‌arrival‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ 16. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌The‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange‌‌was‌‌a‌‌direct‌‌result‌‌of‌‌Columbus’‌ encounter‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Americas,‌‌as‌‌it‌‌consisted‌‌of‌‌a‌‌large‌‌cultural‌‌exchange‌‌between‌ Afro-Eurasia‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Americas,‌‌who‌‌interacted‌‌for‌‌the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌in‌‌history.‌ 17. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌Columbus’‌‌is‌‌mainly‌‌considered‌‌a‌‌native‌‌killer‌‌since‌‌he‌‌impulsed‌ the‌‌massive‌‌genocide‌‌of‌‌the‌‌indigenous‌‌communities‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ 18. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Rice‌‌came‌‌from‌‌Europe‌‌while‌‌corn‌‌was‌‌originally‌‌from‌‌the‌ Americas,‌‌making‌‌option‌‌A‌‌right.‌‌Chocolate‌‌and‌‌potation‌‌were‌‌indeed‌‌two‌‌primary‌ crops‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange;‌‌however,‌‌these‌‌two‌‌originate‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Americas,‌ making‌‌option‌‌B‌‌wrong.‌‌Similarly,‌‌both‌‌wheat‌‌and‌‌pig‌‌meat‌‌comes‌‌from‌‌Afro-Eurasia‌ which‌‌makes‌‌option‌‌C‌‌wrong‌‌too.‌ 19. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌As‌‌the‌‌New‌‌World‌‌first‌‌interacted‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Old‌‌World,‌‌the‌ indigenous‌‌people‌‌faced‌‌for‌‌the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌new‌‌diseases‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Smallpox,‌‌Typhoid,‌ Measles,‌‌Chicken‌‌Pox,‌‌and‌‌Malaria,‌‌among‌‌many‌‌others.‌‌Considering‌‌they‌‌had‌‌never‌ even‌‌heard‌‌of‌‌such‌‌diseases,‌‌they‌‌had‌‌no‌‌immunity‌‌and‌‌quickly‌‌died‌‌from‌‌these.‌‌The‌ indigenous‌‌population‌‌was‌‌quickly‌‌decimated‌‌by‌‌disease‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌by‌‌military‌‌battles,‌ further‌‌facilitating‌‌European‌‌conquest.‌ 20. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌The‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange‌‌negatively‌‌impacted‌‌the‌‌environment‌‌as‌ conquest‌‌demanded‌‌the‌‌strong‌‌cultivation‌‌of‌‌cash‌‌crops.‌‌This‌‌caused‌‌deforestation‌‌and‌ soil‌‌depletion‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌causing‌‌a‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌water‌‌accessibility.‌ 21. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌Trading‌‌post‌‌cities‌‌were‌‌established‌‌by‌‌Europeans‌‌in‌‌the‌‌areas‌‌of‌ Asia‌‌and‌‌Africa‌‌with‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌starting‌‌to‌‌control‌‌the‌‌trade‌‌of‌‌the‌‌area‌‌and‌‌later‌ pursue‌‌their‌‌imperialist‌‌ideology.‌ 22. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Japan‌‌had‌‌originally‌‌welcomed‌‌all‌‌foreigners‌‌to‌‌their‌‌state‌‌until‌‌they‌ realized‌‌the‌‌true‌‌harm‌‌they‌‌could‌‌experience‌‌after‌‌observing‌‌China’s‌‌situation.‌‌This‌‌led‌ them‌‌to‌‌prohibit‌‌Christianity‌‌and‌‌any‌‌intervention‌‌with‌‌Europeans.‌ 23. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌China‌‌saw‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌as‌‌a‌‌strong‌‌threat‌‌to‌‌their‌‌culture,‌‌leading‌ them‌‌to‌‌develop‌‌an‌‌isolationist‌‌policy.‌‌This‌‌as‌‌a‌‌result‌‌triggered‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌even‌ more‌‌who‌‌then‌‌forced‌‌them‌‌to‌‌open‌‌the‌‌state‌‌for‌‌them‌‌to‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌trade‌‌and‌‌establish‌ their‌‌imperialism‌‌in‌‌the‌‌region.‌‌The‌‌main‌‌result‌‌of‌‌this‌‌was‌‌the‌‌Opium‌‌Wars.‌ 24. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌The‌‌British‌‌East‌‌India‌‌Company‌‌established‌‌itself‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Mughal‌ Empire‌‌to‌‌allegedly‌‌foster‌‌peaceful‌‌trade‌‌in‌‌the‌‌region.‌‌Later‌‌on,‌‌their‌‌true‌‌purpose‌‌of‌ imperialism‌‌was‌‌revealed‌‌as‌‌they‌‌began‌‌to‌‌take‌‌advantage‌‌of‌‌the‌‌internal‌‌rivalries‌‌in‌‌the‌ Mughal‌‌empire.‌ 25. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌The‌‌Treaty‌‌of‌‌Tordesillas‌‌was‌‌enacted‌‌in‌‌1494,‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌and‌ Portuguese‌‌decided‌‌on‌‌the‌‌areas‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌they‌‌were‌‌designated‌‌to‌‌conquer.‌‌The‌ Portuguese‌‌received‌‌Brazil‌‌and‌‌everything‌‌else‌‌of‌‌America‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Spanish.‌ 26. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌The‌‌Aztecs,‌‌previous‌‌to‌‌conquest,‌‌had‌‌an‌‌immense‌‌tribute‌‌system‌ through‌‌almost‌‌all‌‌of‌‌Mesoamerica,‌‌which‌‌caused‌‌some‌‌dislike‌‌towards‌‌them‌‌by‌‌small‌ indigenous‌‌communities.‌‌These‌‌then‌‌allied‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌as‌‌they‌‌both‌‌sought‌‌to‌ defeat‌‌the‌‌Aztecs.‌‌This‌‌allyship‌‌and‌‌the‌‌strong‌‌factor‌‌of‌‌the‌‌disease‌‌led‌‌to‌‌the‌‌downfall‌ of‌‌the‌‌Aztec‌‌empire,‌‌while‌‌the‌‌Incas‌‌in‌‌South‌‌America‌‌experienced‌‌a‌‌similar‌‌betrayal‌‌as‌ well‌‌as‌‌bribery‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌trying‌‌to‌‌collect‌‌gold.‌ 27. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌The‌‌French‌‌and‌‌British‌‌had‌‌an‌‌ongoing‌‌rivalry‌‌not‌‌only‌‌in‌‌Europe‌ but‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas,‌‌causing‌‌them‌‌to‌‌include‌‌the‌‌native‌‌communities‌‌in‌‌this‌‌conflict.‌ The‌‌French‌‌allied‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Iroquois‌‌tribe;‌‌however,‌‌they‌‌were‌‌pushed‌‌out‌‌by‌‌the‌‌British‌ from‌‌their‌‌Canadian‌‌territories.‌ 28. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌The‌‌Triangular‌‌trade‌‌system‌‌received‌‌its‌‌name‌‌from‌‌its‌‌triangular‌ shape‌‌between‌‌Europe,‌‌Africa,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌‌Between‌‌these‌‌territories,‌‌there‌‌was‌ an‌‌exchange‌‌of‌‌crops,‌‌goods,‌‌people,‌‌and‌‌other‌‌resources.‌ 29. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌The‌‌system‌‌of‌‌haciendas‌‌in‌‌Spanish‌‌America‌‌consisted‌‌of‌‌forcing‌ Indigenous‌‌people‌‌to‌‌work‌‌in‌‌exchange‌‌for‌‌food‌‌and‌‌shelter;‌‌however,‌‌they‌‌received‌ almost‌‌no‌‌food‌‌and‌‌had‌‌crowded‌‌shelters‌‌with‌‌very‌‌poor‌‌conditions.‌ 30. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌The‌‌silver‌‌trade‌‌had‌‌important‌‌centers‌‌in‌‌Zacatecas‌‌and‌‌Potosi‌ which‌‌helped‌‌increase‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌silver‌‌for‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌empire.‌‌This‌‌precious‌‌metal‌ was‌‌highly‌‌significant‌‌for‌‌them‌‌considering‌‌their‌‌economic‌‌system‌‌of‌‌mercantilism‌ relied‌‌on‌‌it.‌ 31. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌The‌‌Columbian‌‌Exchange‌‌brought‌‌positive‌‌aspects‌‌to‌‌the‌‌global‌ world‌‌such‌‌as‌‌new‌‌ideas,‌‌beliefs,‌‌languages,‌‌crops,‌‌and‌‌more.‌‌Nonetheless,‌‌it‌‌impulsed‌ the‌‌Atlantic‌‌Slave‌‌trade‌‌network‌‌since‌‌the‌‌exchange‌‌also‌‌brought‌‌diseases‌‌that‌ completely‌‌decimated‌‌indigenous‌‌communities,‌‌leaving‌‌the‌‌Europeans‌‌with‌‌no‌‌source‌ for‌‌cheap‌‌labor‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌ 32. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌As‌‌the‌‌enslaved‌‌people‌‌were‌‌brought‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Middle‌ Passage,‌‌they‌‌strongly‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌preserve‌‌their‌‌culture‌‌and‌‌traditions‌‌as‌‌they‌‌felt‌‌it‌‌was‌ necessary‌‌to‌‌not‌‌completely‌‌lose‌‌all‌‌of‌‌their‌‌identities‌‌due‌‌to‌‌slavery.‌‌This‌‌meant‌‌they‌ brought‌‌cultural‌‌aspects‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Americas,‌‌causing‌‌a‌‌diaspora.‌ 33. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌The‌‌Atlantic‌‌Slave‌‌trade‌‌consisted‌‌of‌‌the‌‌acquiring‌‌of‌‌Africans‌‌to‌‌be‌ enslaved‌‌and‌‌used‌‌for‌‌cheap‌‌labor‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Americas.‌‌As‌‌a‌‌consequence,‌‌this‌‌debilitated‌ the‌‌many‌‌African‌‌kingdoms,‌‌caused‌‌a‌‌decrease‌‌in‌‌the‌‌African‌‌population,‌‌generated‌‌a‌ gender‌‌imbalance,‌‌and‌‌destroyed‌‌African‌‌economics.‌ 34. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌The‌‌Commercial‌‌Revolution‌‌was‌‌the‌‌transformation‌‌of‌‌trade‌‌by‌ using‌‌silver‌‌and‌‌gold‌‌as‌‌valuable‌‌currencies.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌caused‌‌by‌‌population‌‌growth,‌‌the‌ growing‌‌overseas‌‌colonies‌‌of‌‌maritime‌‌empires,‌‌the‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌new‌‌trade‌‌routes,‌‌and‌ some‌‌inflation.‌ 35. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌Joint-stock‌‌companies‌‌were‌‌able‌‌to‌‌minimize‌‌the‌‌dangers‌‌of‌‌people‌ involving‌‌themselves‌‌in‌‌business‌‌as‌‌the‌‌owners‌‌of‌‌stocks‌‌could‌‌divide‌‌the‌‌revenue‌‌and‌ cost‌‌of‌‌the‌‌market.‌‌The‌‌Dutch‌‌then‌‌developed‌‌a‌‌stock‌‌exchange.‌ 36. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Spanish‌‌viceroys‌‌were‌‌colonizers‌‌that‌‌acted‌‌as‌‌rulers‌‌in‌‌Spanish‌ America‌‌as‌‌they‌‌were‌‌appointed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌crown.‌‌Audiencias‌‌were‌‌royal‌‌courts‌‌in‌ which‌‌many‌‌natives‌‌were‌‌questioned‌‌and‌‌subjugated‌‌into‌‌eliminating‌‌their‌‌past,‌ traditional‌‌cultures.‌ 37. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌New‌‌syncretic‌‌beliefs‌‌of‌‌the‌‌time‌‌were‌‌Santeria,‌‌Candomble,‌ Vodun,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌figure‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Virgin‌‌of‌‌Guadalupe.‌‌These‌‌beliefs‌‌demonstrated‌‌the‌ strong‌‌interconnection‌‌between‌‌the‌‌New‌‌World‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Old‌‌World‌‌from‌‌the‌‌natives’‌ and‌‌indigenous’‌‌perspectives.‌‌This‌‌was‌‌indirectly‌‌a‌‌form‌‌of‌‌resistance‌‌against‌‌the‌ Europeans‌‌since‌‌they‌‌persisted‌‌in‌‌maintaining‌‌their‌‌original‌‌traditions‌‌and‌‌beliefs.‌ 38. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌Queen‌‌Nzinga‌‌formed‌‌an‌‌alliance‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Dutch‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌them‌ with‌‌guns‌‌for‌‌her‌‌citizens‌‌to‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌defend‌‌themselves‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Portuguese.‌‌It‌ worked‌‌successfully‌‌as‌‌they‌‌were‌‌able‌‌to‌‌push‌‌them‌‌out.‌‌The‌‌Portuguese‌‌did‌‌not‌‌get‌ control‌‌of‌‌the‌‌area‌‌until‌‌1975,‌‌time‌‌after‌‌her‌‌death.‌ 39. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌Russia‌‌was‌‌confirmed‌‌by‌‌a‌‌large‌‌number‌‌of‌‌serfs‌‌as‌‌others‌‌inherited‌ their‌‌positions‌‌or‌‌were‌‌submitted‌‌into‌‌the‌‌system‌‌due‌‌to‌‌their‌‌harsh‌‌debts.‌‌They‌‌had‌ almost‌‌no‌‌freedom‌‌and‌‌were‌‌constantly‌‌oppressed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌government.‌‌They‌‌further‌ developed‌‌many‌‌rebellions‌‌against‌‌the‌‌government‌‌in‌‌later‌‌years.‌ 40. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌C.‌‌The‌‌Mughal‌‌empire‌‌was‌‌mainly‌‌ruled‌‌and‌‌conformed‌‌by‌‌the‌ Muslims,‌‌which‌‌left‌‌the‌‌Marathas‌‌at‌‌a‌‌disadvantage.‌‌These‌‌were‌‌a‌‌group‌‌of‌‌Hindu‌ warriors‌‌who‌‌rebelled‌‌for‌‌many‌‌years‌‌until‌‌they‌‌were‌‌able‌‌to‌‌eliminate‌‌the‌‌Mughal‌ leader‌‌Aurangzeb‌‌and‌‌establish‌‌their‌‌own‌‌empire.‌ 41. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌The‌‌Pueblo‌‌Revolt‌‌occurred‌‌in‌‌now‌‌New‌‌Mexico‌‌in‌‌1680.‌‌The‌ native‌‌Americans‌‌led‌‌a‌‌rebellion‌‌for‌‌10‌‌days‌‌and‌‌were‌‌able‌‌to‌‌push‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌out‌‌of‌ their‌‌territory.‌‌The‌‌Europeans‌‌returned‌‌shortly‌‌and‌‌submitted‌‌them‌‌into‌‌their‌‌power;‌ nonetheless,‌‌their‌‌short‌‌victory‌‌serves‌‌as‌‌evidence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌strong‌‌resistance‌‌the‌‌natives‌ had‌‌against‌‌the‌‌colonizers.‌ 42. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Luther‌‌was‌‌the‌‌main‌‌inflictor‌‌of‌‌the‌‌separation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Catholic‌ Church‌‌into‌‌the‌‌new‌‌branch‌‌of‌‌Protestantism‌‌and‌‌traditional‌‌Catholicism‌‌due‌‌to‌‌his‌ publishing‌‌the‌‌95‌‌Theses.‌‌This‌‌publication‌‌criticized‌‌the‌‌church‌‌for‌‌its‌‌sale‌‌of‌ indulgences,‌‌corruption‌‌of‌‌bishops,‌‌and‌‌more.‌ 43. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌A.‌‌Chattel‌‌slavery‌‌was‌‌characterized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌slave‌‌owners‌‌legally‌ owning‌‌the‌‌people‌‌they‌‌enslaved,‌‌making‌‌the‌‌whole‌‌system‌‌much‌‌harsher‌‌and‌‌cruel.‌ Similarly,‌‌indentured‌‌servitude‌‌was‌‌a‌‌new‌‌system‌‌in‌‌which‌‌lower-class‌‌Europeans‌‌or‌ those‌‌who‌‌desired‌‌to‌‌seek‌‌new‌‌opportunities‌‌received‌‌an‌‌all-expenses-paid‌‌expense‌‌trip‌ to‌‌the‌‌Americas‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌receiving‌‌shelter‌‌for‌‌some‌‌years‌‌in‌‌exchange‌‌for‌‌labor.‌ 44. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌The‌‌Spanish‌‌castas‌‌divided‌‌the‌‌population‌‌in‌‌Spanish‌‌America‌ mainly‌‌as‌‌peninsulares,‌‌creoles,‌‌mestizos,‌‌and‌‌mulattoes‌‌as‌‌it‌‌was‌‌a‌‌system‌‌based‌‌on‌ race.‌‌The‌‌Spanish‌‌and‌‌those‌‌of‌‌Spanish‌‌descent‌‌were‌‌in‌‌the‌‌upper‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌system‌ while‌‌enslaved‌‌people‌‌and‌‌those‌‌of‌‌African‌‌descent‌‌found‌‌themselves‌‌at‌‌the‌‌bottom‌‌of‌ the‌‌system‌‌due‌‌to‌‌their‌‌race.‌ 45. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌B.‌‌The‌‌Manchus‌‌were‌‌a‌‌minority‌‌group‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Qing‌‌Dynasty‌‌while‌‌the‌ Hans‌‌were‌‌the‌‌majority‌‌group.‌‌However,‌‌the‌‌Manchus‌‌were‌‌the‌‌ruling‌‌group‌‌meaning‌ they‌‌wanted‌‌to‌‌assert‌‌their‌‌ethnic‌‌dominance,‌‌which‌‌they‌‌did‌‌by‌‌forcing‌‌the‌‌Hans‌‌to‌ culturally‌‌assimilate‌‌to‌‌their‌‌styles.‌ 46. Correct‌‌answer:‌‌D.‌‌European‌‌states‌‌often‌‌pursued‌‌a‌‌total‌‌or‌‌almost‌‌absolutist‌‌political‌ ideology‌‌meaning‌‌the‌‌royal‌‌had‌‌almost‌‌all‌‌the‌‌power‌‌while‌‌the‌‌remaining‌‌authority‌‌was‌ given‌‌to‌‌the‌‌nobility.‌