Comparing European Empires in the Americas

Name: This note guide will cover the following subjects: • Comparing European Empires in the Americas (Spain, Britain, France, Netherlands) • Special emphasis on the British Colonies: o Chesapeake (and—later—larger Southern colonies) vs. New England vs. Middle Colonies o Colonial identity: British or “American”? o Pietism and the Great Awakening o Enlightenment Comparing European Empires in the Americas Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries Europeans embarked on an era of exploration and colonization unprecedented in human history. While some of their early motives were quite similar—finding trade routes, expanding profits and prestige, spreading Christianity, etc., the empires that colonized the New World did so in very different ways that produced dramatically different impacts on the environment and indigenous peoples. The first part of Period 2 asks us to look at how European empires in the Americas—specifically Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands—varied in their motives, methods, and impacts of imperialism. Read through the overview on Spain below, which is review from Period 1, so that you can adequately contrast it with the other imperial approaches and impacts. If any of the overview material is unfamiliar to you, revisit some of the slides from the Period 1 presentations/Note Guide. SPAIN (“NEW SPAIN”)—As we saw in Period 1, within a generation of Columbus’s first journey to Hispaniola (present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1492, Spanish forces wrested control of much of Central and South America from the native peoples, decimating the native population through a combination of disease, warfare, and—at times—perhaps genocide, as Las Casas’s account of The Destruction of the Indies (1542) seems to indicate. In the process, they transformed the economic and social structures of the regions and initiated the Columbian Exchange, which allowed for Spain to become the wealthiest country in Europe. Motives for Imperialism/Conquest • Trade • Spread of Catholic faith through indigenous conversions by encomenderos and/or missions • Desire for new sources of wealth • Increased power and status ***Original motive for exploration may have been trade, spread of Catholicism, etc., but once contact was made, the primary motive became conquest and exploitation, for which religion was used as a rationale Methods of Control • Warfare (see Las Casas’s Destruction of the Indies, 1542) • Encomienda system (comparable to Old World feudalism) Impacts of Control • “frontier of inclusion” • Huge numbers of indigenous casualties (see Las Casas’s Destruction of the Indies) • Columbian Exchange • Spain became the envy of Europe • Shift from feudalism to capitalism in Spain, and—later—other European countries (gold/silver from America replaced land as the basis for wealth and status, increasing the power of the new merchant class) • African slave trade initiated once native population was scarce Location and Timing of “New Spain” Throughout roughly the 1500s-1800s, the Spanish Empire would expand across half of South America, most of Central America, many Caribbean Islands, and huge portions of North America (Mexico, Florida, Southwestern + Pacific Coastal regions of the U.S.) • Hispaniola, 1492 (present-day • Cuba, 1511 • Florida, 1565 Haiti and Dominican Republic) • Aztec in Mexico, 1521 • New Mexico, 1609 • Puerto Rico and Jamaica, 1508 • Inca in South America, 1532 In 1819, Spain sold Florida to the U.S. Most of the other colonies won their independence from Spain in the 1820s, due to nationalist sentiment and the decline of the Spanish empire. Cuba and Puerto Rico were retained until 1898, following the Spanish-American War. Cuba was then made a protectorate of the U.S. and Puerto Rico became a territory of the U.S. 1 French, Dutch, and British Response to Spanish Colonization of the “New World” The English, French, and Dutch salivated at the great riches brought back to Europe by Spanish vessels. Each country sought to duplicate Spain’s successes in the New World, but none found mineral wealth comparable with New Spain’s. By the close of the sixteenth century, none had even established a successful settlement in the New World but by the 17 th century each would establish themselves more securely on the continent. FRANCE (“NEW FRANCE”) Motives for Imperialism/Conquest Methods & Impacts of Control • • • • • Despite belief in native inferiority, the French fostered ____________________________ with American Indians for ____________________________ purposes Established trading outposts and settlements through exploration and establishment of trade alliances with indigenous peoples _____________________________ were the primary focus Relatively _____________________________ moved to New France By 1700, there were 15,000 settlers in New France; meanwhile there were 100,000 in England’s North American colonies New France & New Spain, Compared • Spain-conquest, France-commerce → produced ___________________________ ___________________________________ • New Spain conquered their territories and engaged in mostly forced conversions • New France built an empire through alliances with natives and conversion efforts were voluntary • One similarity: New France and New Spain __________________________________ with American Indians (“frontier of inclusion”) Location & Timing of New France • Vast inland arc by 1700: St. Lawrence Valley through Great Lakes and down the course of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers • _______________________________________________________ • Possessed some small Caribbean islands (ex: St. Bart’s) • After gaining this land throughout the 1600s, France lost most of in ____________, after being defeated in the French and Indian War HOLLAND (“NEW NETHERLAND”) An Overview • • • • Motives: replicate Spanish/French Frontier of _______________________ Less successful than French at managing natives; saw more conflict than French Holland mostly ignored New Netherland, looking instead to the profitable trade in slaves and Brazilian sugar → very ___________________ Dutch settlers Locations & Timing • Explorations and settlements took place in the early 1600s • ________________________ took control of New Amsterdam (Manhattan island), Fort Orange (Albany), and outposts in NJ, DE, CT • Possessed St. Eustatius in the ____________________________ island, which remains a municipality of the Netherlands 2 BRITAIN IN THE “NEW WORLD” Motives for British Colonization • Outperform the Spanish • Failed to establish settlements in the 16th century, but after defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588, England set sights once again on colonization • Monarchy’s motives: provide bases to raid the Spanish in the Caribbean; trade with natives; plantations for growing tropical products; a solution to homelessness • Colonists’ motives depended on the region: Chesapeake (VA + MD) New England (MA, CT, NH, RI) Middle Colonies (NJ, NY, PA) Record T or F responses for statements that appear in presentation. Overview of “Lost Colony” at Roanoke ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKE (VA and MD) Jamestown, 1607: First Permanent English Settlement • Rulers of England, unlike the __________________, decided not to fund the risky venture of colonizing the Americas • Instead, King James I granted a charter to the VA Company (a ________________________ company) o Investors pool wealth to finance trip o Lure financial supporters with chance of reaping wealth in form of gold/silver o King’s charter guaranteed that monarch would receive a quarter of all gold/silver found The Jamestown: A Disastrous Start • Colonists were not prepared to establish a community, grow crops, or sustain themselves o They were mostly _______________________ who had been motivated by gold and silver • Those that survived received assistance from nearby Powhatan Confederacy o Powhatan hoped an alliance with the settlers would bring access to tools/weapons that would assist in the extension of their rule The Economy of Jamestown • At first, colonists ______________________ to find a commodity to export • By the late 1620s, Jamestown was handsomely rewarded for its “_______________________” (tobacco cultivation), which was hugely popular in Europe • Key ingredient missing from the colony was field laborers—those who would do the difficult work of tobacco cultivation and processing • • ____ Company instituted headright grants: o Awards of large plantations to wealthy colonists on condition they transport workers (__________________________) at their own cost o Granted more land depending on # of servants o Servants worked for a number of years in exchange for _________________ passage o Cheaper than buying slaves Tens of thousands of impoverished English men and women migrated 3 Jamestown & Native Americans • The Chesapeake was home to 12,000-14,000 natives in the Powhatan Confederacy who were eager to forge _________________ with the colonists • Desire for more land led to warfare (1610-1614 and 1622-1645), with natives accepting _________________ in 1645 • By 1670, the Indian population had fallen to just 2,000 while the English population grew to 40,000 • Conflict with natives was one of several reasons the Crown revoked the VA Company’s charter in 1624, making VA a _________________ colony—one under direct control of the king (via a governor appointed by the king) Virginia Politics • VA Company organized the first representative legislative body in North America, 1619—________________________________ o Included two citizens (“burgesses”) from each of VA’s 11 districts • House claimed authority to raise ____________ and make _______________ • Company council in England had the right to veto any legislation the House passed • Over time, the HOB restricted its voting constituency (only white male landowners with significant land could vote) aggravating class tensions in the region • In 1624, VA became a royal colony o England was concerned with the level of violence with natives and the high mortality rate o King would appoint a colonial governor and small advisory council The king/advisors would now _________________ all legislation from the HOB Residents were forced to pay __________________ to support the Church of England • • Conflict in VA—Bacon’s Rebellion, 1675 • “________________” broke out in VA over: • • • • • • • • Land Small circle of men, through headright grants, controlled most of the land in VA Freed indentured servants found it harder _______________________ Lived on western outskirts of VA and faced ______________ with Indians • • • Politics Political corruption among elite ___________________ caused ruin for the poor Landless were excluded from _______________ for burgesses • • • • Defense Poor whites wanted to settle in Indian land Conflict with Indians continued Wanted natives expelled or exterminated Demands were _________________; elite relied on trade with Indians Rebels attacked ___________________ in ‘75 Indians responded by attacking plantations Nathanial Bacon (see image, right) emerged as leader o Mobilized an army o Issued a manifesto demanding removal of Indians and end to the rule of the “wealthy parasites” o Burned ______________________ to the ground Governor put down the rebellion and hung some of the leaders (not Bacon—he died of disease in ‘76) Significance/Impact: o Revealed tensions between colony’s ___________________________________________________ o Demonstrated how ordinary colonists could challenge the “right” of the planter elite to rule over them o Planter elite would increasingly choose ___________________________________________ to indentured labor 4 Maryland, 1632 • Monarchy granted land to the Calvert family (Lord Baltimore), important supporters of the English monarchy, as a __________________________ colony • Calverts were sole owners of the land • Monarchy hoped the _________________________ (owner) of a colony would be more accountable to the monarch than a joint-stock • • • Calverts hoped to create a Catholic refuge in MD but Protestants soon outnumbered Catholics In 1649, Maryland passed the Act of Religious Toleration, granting all ________________________ right to follow their beliefs and hold church services MD quickly assumed the character of neighboring _________ with a tobacco plantation economy and indentured servitude Life in the Chesapeake • • • • Family size and kinship bonds were _______________ Growth of institutions (churches, schools, etc.) was slow A strong emotional connection to ________________________ endured By 1700, more than 100,000 English migrants had come to Chesapeake o Vast majority were indentured servants o Prospect of owning ____________________ continued to lure settlers despite hardships (death and mistreatment remained pervasive) Slavery in the Chesapeake • First Africans arrived in VA in 1619 • By late 1600s, several factors spurred the importation of slaves in large #s: o Decline in the ________________________________ population o Increase in ___________________ o Abundance of land o Growing European demand for colonial goods o Bacon’s Rebellion • ____________ consciousness and legislation quickly emerged Virginia Laws Relating to Slavery • 1627: ________________ baptism may not alter conditions of servitude. • 1669: The death of a slave during punishment shall not be accounted __________________. • 1691: Interracial sexual conduct shall be prohibited. Record T or F responses for statements that appear in presentation. 5 PURITAN NEW ENGLAND New England vs. Chesapeake, General • Both in climate and geography, the northern coast of North America was far different than the Chesapeake • Tobacco not easily produced there • Less favored for investment and settlement • Became haven for Protestant dissenters from England • Driven more by religious reasons than _____________________ gain • Roots of Puritanism can be found in the ___________________________ Reformation Background on the Reformation, 1517-1600 • The spread of Renaissance ideas and corruption among the Catholic clergy undermined the church’s authority o Catholic leaders often gambled, drank, and procreated o Indulgences (pardons) were being sold by the Church, signaling that one could “buy” their way into heaven • __________________________, a German monk (see image, right), condemned the Church in his 95 Theses o Thus began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform • • • • Luther taught that _____________________ was the key to salvation o The Church had preached that salvation was earned through performing good works Luther taught that all Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible; the pope and church traditions were ____________________________ His ideas led to the creation of separate religious groups; a splintering of the Church The phrase Protestant is derived from Latin Protestari that refers to bravely standing and revolting against wrongs publically Puritans vs. Pilgrims • King Henry VIII (1491-1547) brought the Reformation to England in the 1530s by breaking with Roman Catholicism to form a separate church, the Church of England. Although it was free of Catholic control… PURITANS …felt it had kept _____________________ of the Catholic ritual and tradition and wanted to purify it (hence, Puritans) by eliminating all traces of Catholicism. PILGRIMS …did not think reform was possible; they desired complete separation from the Church of England (hence, Separatists). The word pilgrim often refers to spiritual wanderer. Both were _____________________ by the monarchy Eventually, Puritans populated much of New England. Pilgrims fled to ___________________ and eventually Plymouth, Mass., which would be absorbed into the larger Puritan society. Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony, 1620 • Like the Jamestown colonists, the Pilgrims were funded by the VA Company and many _______________ early on, only to be rescued by the Indians • Though never a financial success, the Pilgrims did establish self-sufficient communities and were eventually absorbed by the larger/more economically successful ________________________ Colony • Crafted the Mayflower Compact: first document of self-government in North America (see excerpt below) Mayflower Compact excerpt: IN THE name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our…sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain…having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country…do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names…in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord, King James, of England…1620. 6 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629 • Mass. Bay Company funded a group of Puritans as they escaped religious persecution in England and attempted to establish a model community (“City upon a Hill”) • 1629-43: 20,000 Puritans relocated to Massachusetts (“The ________________________”) o By 1670s, Massachusetts's population had swelled to 40,000 • Most arrived in groups from long-established communities and were economically prosperous from the start • Variety of crops, pure drinking water, and cool climate led to long life and economic success Puritan Religiosity • Taught that individual salvation was subject to a divine plan rather than the actions of individuals (_______________________) • To lessen the sense of anxiety, Puritans lived lives of strict piety, framed by prayer, righteous living, and ___________________ • Stressed the importance of well-ordered, theocratic communities (see Winthrop’s sermon) • The entire community might be _________________ if Puritans did not carry out their duty • Puritan approach to humanity and to God was markedly dour in these early years Puritan Culture • Puritan family was well-ordered and hierarchical, with the subordination of women to men • Cultural __________________ of women came to the surface in periodic witchcraft scares • Emphasized the importance of ___________________ o Required towns to support a public school o Literacy was higher in New England than much of Europe o Though not as well educated as men, many families also sent their daughters to school • Puritan culture spread across all of New England Religious Dissent • Puritans were not _________________ of other religious points of view and often banished dissenters and their followers • Religious disagreement among the New England colonists provoked the founding of new colonies in 1635-‘6 • Thomas Hooker led his followers to what would become Connecticut after a disagreement over church membership with Winthrop • Roger Williams led his followers to _____________ after he argued for separation of church and state and better treatment of natives Anne Hutchinson (see image below) led her followers to Williams’s settlement after criticizing Boston ministers for their lack of ________ and challenging gender norms • See picture below • Puritan Politics • _________________ governments (minus Rhode Island) • Each Puritan town had its own church and town meeting, a form of government where all the male church members made decisions about the running of the town • Law mandated that religious devotion was enforced • Anyone who practiced witchcraft or worshipped a god other than the one acknowledged by the Puritans was subject to _______________ 7 Respect for Authority • Many citizens were exiled for criticizing the _________________________ • Respect for authority inculcated very young: o 1648 law: Any child “of competent understanding” would be put to death if they were to “curse or smite (hit) their natural Father or Mother” unless “it can be sufficiently verified that the parents have been very unchristianly negligent in the education of such children” o Taken from the Bible in Exodus 21:15 which holds that “he that smitheth his father or his mother shall surely be put to death” New England Economy • _____________________________________________________________ • Had looked to natives as potential labor force (like the Spanish) but local Indians proved too dangerous and unreliable • Thanks to immigration and a balanced sex ratio, towns mushroomed across the landscape, all based on an English village model, which meant that slavery had little future in the region o Some Puritans did, however, own slaves o By 1750, there were over 13,000 slaves in Massachusetts Puritans and Native Americans • ______________________________________________ in his “city on a hill” sermon • Mirrored the violent clashes that occurred in ________________________ • Puritan-Pequot War (1636-7) ended with Puritan victory (take notes on video from next slide) • By the end of the 17th century, additional warfare would virtually eliminate a cohesive native presence from New England Record T or F responses for statements that appear in presentation. ENGLAND’S MIDDLE COLONIES, the CAROLINAS, GEORGIA & the CARIBBEAN Carolinas & Georgia • 1663: Crown authorized settlement of Carolina o North and South formed in 1691 ▪ Coastal plantations developed; slaves sometimes _____________________ whites ▪ Trade with Indian peoples; lots of poor whites and runaway servants ▪ Rice cultivation ▪ Lack of community _____________________ • 1733: Crown authorized settlement of Georgia to serve as a haven for the poor and ________________ between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida o Over time, took on character of Carolinas The Middle Colonies • 1664: Acquired New Netherland; renamed New York; cordoned off New Jersey • 1681: Crown bestowed PA (which included DE) to William Penn • Export economy flourished due to demands for cereal crops (grains) and fertile land was abundant • Mass immigration led to the fraudulent taking of land from natives • __________________________________________________________________________ o Most European migrants held tightly to their traditions, creating mosaic of ethnically/religiously diverse communities 8 Caribbean / West Indies • Produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical products for an international market • Slave labor was _____________________ to the success of sugar cultivation o Slaves often constituted the __________________ of population • By 1750, Jamaica was Britain’s most profitable colony Estimated European Migration to the British Mainland Colonies, 1700-1780 9 Region & General Characteristics New England Colonies Year Founded / Claimed by England Massachusetts Pilgrims: 1620 Puritans: 1629 Connecticut 1635 Rhode Island 1636 New Hampshire 1638 Middle Colonies New York 1664 (Dutch 1624) Diversity (settlers: English and German Quakers, Dutch, French, Scottish, Irish), religious toleration, farming, trade, small numbers of slaves, town meetings New Jersey 1664 (Dutch 1629) Pennsylvania 1681 Delaware 1701 (Dutch 1638) Southern Colonies Virginia 1607 Maryland 1632 Carolina (split into N&S in 1691) 1633 Georgia 1733 Caribbean/West Indies Barbados 1625 Small numbers of English settlers, high numbers of slaves, cash crops Jamaica 1655 Puritan commonwealth, high religiosity, theocracy, town meetings, farming, trade, emphasis on schools, small numbers of slaves, mostly English settlers Mostly English settlers, aristocratic, slave societies, elitist politics, small number of schools and community institutions, cash crops, predominantly rural Distinctions -Governor John Winthrop: “City on a hill” -Roger Williams Religious toleration -William Penn: “Holy Experiment” -Jamestown: first permanent British settlement -House of Burgesses: first representative body in the New World -Religious freedom for all Christians -Most profitable of all colonies by 1750 10 THE ENLIGHTENMENT & PIETISM Enlightenment & Pietism • European and colonial print revolution, c. 1700: o Print from Europe and Britain came across the Atlantic; had dramatic cultural and religious ramifications in the colonies o Colonial ________________ proliferated • As a result of the print revolution and improved transportation networks (both on land and at sea), two great European cultural movements, the Enlightenment and Pietism, reached America circa 1700 o Movements were radically different and at odds with one another, but ended up producing similar _______________ The Enlightenment, 1650-1800 • Scientific Revolution (1543-1730) did more than remove the earth from the center of the universe: it permanently changed the way Europeans thought/looked at the world around them o Impressed upon them the importance of __________________everything, asking questions, observing, and experimenting o The power of the ______________ was eroded, having been “proved wrong” (geocentric vs. heliocentric theory) • • • • • Thinkers declared their movement to be the “Enlightenment,” their purpose being to enlighten Europe, to shed light on its intellectual darkness Enlightenment philosophers ________________________ government, religion, economics, and education to create a better society o Freedom of religion; separation of church and state; freedom of expression; _____________________________________________________________ Enlightenment spirit of order, logic, rationality, and science contrasted sharply with strict _______________ theology Support for _____________ grew: a “rational religion,” free of mysteries, miracles, and superstitions o God was like a ____________________, who set the universe in motion according to scientific principles; he was a distant God, uninvolved in the daily life of man Optimism of the Enlightenment led many to believe that God was a loving, rather than punishing, father who looked over rational beings possessing __________________ Declining Colonial Piety, early 1700s • _____________________ philosophy contributed to religious decline • New England Puritans strayed from their religiosity • Economic prosperity in British North America had fostered a cosmopolitan culture and led colonists to live a “______________” life • By 1720, only ___ in five New Englanders were members of the church Pietism / The Great Awakening, 1720s-40s • Not all colonists accepted Enlightenment rationalism; instead, some endorsed Pietism, a Christian movement originating in Germany in 1700 that emphasized pious behavior and __________________ worship • German migrants carried Pietism to America sparking a religious revival (renewal of religious enthusiasm) known as the Great Awakening, which spread throughout the British colonies • Many American ministers opposed the Age of Reason and spirit of over-indulgence and wanted to _________________ the doctrines of their Puritan ancestors • • • • • • Powerful, emotional preaching gave listeners a sense of deep ___________________ revelation High emotionalism—fury, conviction, sorrow, convulsions, fainting, etc. Commoners questioned authority of church leaders and rebelled against their ministers Lower classes found revivalism appealing Followers felt a “new light” within them and were eager to spread the message of the Great Awakening More ____________________ “old lights” were opposed to the radical changes 11 • • • • • Revivalism Disputes: New vs. Old Lights New Lights Old Lights New ministry of evangelicals • ___________________ revivalism and emotional enthusiasm in Challenged authority of established ministers the church Allowed __________________ to speak in church • Challenged authority of new ministers who were not properly Opposed to Enlightenment ideas and rationalism trained or ordained Opposed _______________________ • Opposed women speaking in the church because the Bible forbade it • Opposed Enlightenment ideas and rationalism Effects of the Great Awakening • The “unchurched” were brought back to the church • Led to an increase in higher education, as new denominations founded colleges to train ministers • Led to an increase in new ________________________________ • Splits during revivalism prevented uniformity in religion from becoming a reality • Bold confrontation of religious authority helped foster a national attitude towards authority in general that would be essential during the War for Independence • Introduced Christianity to many _________________ • Fostered a national consciousness: first event that all colonists shared in common Great Awakening & the Enlightenment • Movements opposed one another (emotionalism vs. reason), yet had similar consequences • Both movements caused people to ____________________ traditional authority, stressed importance of the individual, and ___________________ the circulation of ideas through print culture Record T or F responses for statements that appear in presentation BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY & COLONIAL IDENTITY Theory of Mercantilism • England _____________________ to enforce mercantilist policy in the colonies • Colonies existed solely for ____________________________ country • Colonies supply raw materials to mother country and markets for manufactured goods • Political control of the economy by the _________________ • Essence of competition between states is the struggle to acquire and hoard the fixed amount of wealth that exists in the world • Seek more exports and fewer imports (favorable balance of trade) • Nation that accumulated the largest treasure of gold and silver specie and most valuable colonies would be the most powerful 12 The Navigation Acts, 1651-1751 • Colonies fulfilled their mercantilist role for the most part, but some colonial trade made its way to Spain, France, and Holland • As a result, Britain passed a series of Navigation Acts to ______________________ of colonial trade • Some colonial merchants resented the restrictions and continued trading __________________ with other countries Examples of Navigation Act Restrictions: • Merchants from other nations were expressly forbidden to trade in the colonies • Commodities from the colonies had to be shipped in vessels built in England or the British colonies themselves • Could export certain products only to England o Sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, rice, indigo, fur, etc. o Many of these products were not destined for English consumption; at great profit they were re-exported elsewhere • Most trade had to be unloaded at an English port first • Limitations on colonial enterprises that might compete with those at home o Wool Act 1699, Hat Act 1732, Iron Act 1750: forbade production of these goods in the colonies • Assemblies were forbidden to impose tariffs (a tax on) English imports as a way of protecting colonial industries • Could not make own money Salutary Neglect (Economics) • For the most part, England did little to stop violations of the Navigation Acts (“salutary neglect”) • Felt as though it made little sense to tamper with a prosperous system (enforcement was ________________) • Colonists complained ______________________ about British mercantilist policies before 1760s • As long as raw materials kept flowing into the homeland and colonists continued to buy from England, Parliament didn’t think it necessary to supervise the colonies closely The Dominion of New England, 1686-89 • At times, the Crown pursued stricter control over the colonies: in 1686, the Crown merged CT, RI, MA, and later, NJ and NY to form a ____________________, the Dominion of New England o Sir ________________________, as governor, ruled in an authoritarian fashion, abolishing existing assemblies and town meetings o When conflict in England led to a coup, Puritan leaders and militiamen seized Andros and shipped him back to England • New monarchs in England broke up the Dominion but also asserted more power over MA which became a royal colony o Gave vote to all male property owners (not just church members); eliminated restrictions on the Church of England Salutary Neglect (Politics) • The ______________________ was created in 1696 to oversee colonial affairs, but European warfare, along with the growth/success of Atlantic trade, allowed the colonies substantial autonomy in political affairs • Colonial assemblies initiated and passed laws, as well as raised money through taxes o The governor could veto any law but did so at the risk of going hungry – because the colonial assembly, ____________________, paid the governor’s salary o Using the power of the purse liberally, the colonists influenced the governor in a variety of ways, from the approval of laws to the appointment of judges Record T or F responses for statements that appear in presentation. 13 Colonial Identity • By the end of this period, the British colonies were still regionally distinct, yet some of that distinctiveness started diminishing: Economics Still very different here but…: • All regions enjoying relative _______________ in economic affairs • Often _______________ British laws that seek to exert more control over economics • • • • Culture Print culture starts _______________ the gap between the regions Enlightenment, Great Awakening, racial ideology, [_______________] religious diversity all help to create a common consciousness • • Politics Relatively autonomous political communities based on _______________ law While only men of wealth/status stood for election, most _______________owning white men had the right to vote Under England’s less-than-watchful eye, the colonies were developing a taste for self-government that would ultimately create the conditions for rebellion down the road Yet they were still _______________ British subjects Short-Answer Practice: 14