Early Childhood - Body and Mind Answers Part 8

219 Most of the increase in brain weight after infancy is due to ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: myelination 220 Myelination results in more rapid ____ of neural impulses. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: transmission (movement) 221 A child can't find her teddy bear at bedtime; she begins to cry uncontrollably and is still crying until she falls asleep half an hour later. Her crying is an example of ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: perseveration 222 The band of nerve fibers connecting the two halves of the brain is known as the ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: corpus callosum 223 The ____ is the part of the brain that allows children to coordinate functions that involve both halves of the body. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: corpus callosum 224 ____ is the term used to describe the specialization of the brain so that one side of the body or brain is dominant for certain functions. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Lateralization 225 The right side of the brain controls the ____ side of the body. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: left 226 In most adults, the brain is organized in such a way that the areas of language development are located in the ____ hemisphere of the brain. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: left 227 Young Sophie has been troubled by frightening nightmares. The part of her brain that registers her fear is the ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: amygdala 228 The ____ is the central processor of memory, especially for locations. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: hippocampus 229 The part of the limbic system that responds to signals from the amygdala and the hippocampus by producing cortisol is the ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: hypothalamus 230 The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: animism 231 ____ refers to preschoolers' tendency to view the world and others exclusively from their own personal perspective. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Egocentrism 232 ____ is a particular type of centration in which a child may insist that Mommy is his mother, not his cousin's aunt. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Egocentrism 233 The four obstacles to logical thinking during the preoperational period include centration, focus on appearance, irreversibility, and ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: static reasoning 234 Three-year-old Theresa does not want to eat the hot dog her mother made because it has ketchup on it. Her mother wipes off the ketchup, but Theresa still will not eat it. This characteristic of preoperational thought, in which the child feels that a thing cannot be undone or restored, is known as ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: irreversibility 235 Preschoolers make mistakes in conservation problems because they focus strictly on ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: appearances 236 Jana always chooses the taller of two glasses when her older brother pours each of them a glass of juice. Even though there is the same amount of juice in each glass, she believes that there is more juice in hers. Jana is demonstrating that she does not yet understand the concept of ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: conservation 237 A child watches a ball of modeling clay being rolled into a Tootsie Roll shape. If the child perceives that there is the same amount of modeling clay before than after it is rolled out, that child understands the concept of ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: conservation 238 The view that children's cognitive development is embedded in a social context originated with the work of ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Vygotsky 239 The process by which one person learns from another, more experienced mentor as they share social experiences and explorations is known as ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: guided participation 240 The set of skills a boy can perform with assistance but not independently is considered to be within his ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: zone of proximal development 241 A temporary, sensitive support structure set up to help children work in the zone of proximal development is called ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: scaffolding 242 When two- to six-year-old children imitate an adult's action that is irrelevant, perhaps even inefficient, it is called ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: overimitation 243 The theory of cognitive development that describes the human desire to develop theories to explain what is seen and heard is called ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: theory-theory 244 Children between the ages of ____ are more interested in asking questions about human behavior and the purpose of things than in making queries about inanimate things. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: 3 and 5 245 Beginning around age 4, children go through a change in thinking that allows them to develop a set of ideas about other people's thinking; this new perspective indicates that the children have developed a(n) ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: theory of mind 246 Maturation of the brain's ____ is required for the development of a child's capacity to understand the perspective of others. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: prefrontal cortex 247 The internal dialogue in which a one talks to oneself either aloud or in one's mind is called ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: private speech 248 According to the text, a meta-analysis of 254 studies revealed that ____ children were about six months ahead of U.S. children in developing theory of mind. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Chinese 249 Learning vocabulary by connecting a new word to words and categories that are already understood is called ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: fast-mapping 250 ____ is the rapid and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by placing them in mental categories based on their perceived meaning. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Fast-mapping 251 When a child learns a word and then uses it to describe other objects in the same category (such as calling a black-and-white cow a “Dalmatian cow” after learning about Dalmatian dogs), the child is using ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: logical extension 252 The child who says, “I seed the dog,” or “My tooths hurt,” is demonstrating a language error called ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: overregularization 253 Neuroscience finds that young ____ children site both languages in the same areas of their brains yet manage to keep them separate. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: bilingual 254 Elsa is becoming more fluent in English than her native Spanish. She is exhibiting a(n) ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: language shift 255 Antonio is as fluent in his second language as in his native Italian. Antonio is a(n) ____ . Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: balanced bilingual 256 The key research conclusion about what is important for early-childhood education, whether at home or at school, is the ____ of the educational environment. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: quality 257 Amy designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that can accommodate groups of children so they can learn from one another. Her classroom shows the influence of ____ , who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Vygotsky 258 Child-centered programs are influenced by ____ , who believed that children can learn much from other children with the guidance of adults. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Vygotsky 259 Early-childhood educational programs designed to meet children's developmental and growth needs are called ____ programs. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: child-centered 260 In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also influenced by ____ , who believed that each child is capable of discovering new ideas. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Piaget 261 ____ designed a special educational program with structured, individualized projects meant to give children a sense of accomplishment. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Maria Montessori 262 A preschool program that teaches basic skills (precursors to reading, writing, and arithmetic) in order to prepare children to be “ready to learn” when they enter elementary school is called a ____ program. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: teacher-directed 263 ____ is the federally funded early childhood education program that was started in 1965 to help foster better health and cognition in disadvantaged children before first grade. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Head Start 264 In the United States, approximately ____ percent of young children are of Hispanic heritage. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: 25 265 The young children least likely to attend preschool in the United States are those from ____ homes. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: Spanish-speaking (Hispanic, Latino) 266 Currently, 40 states sponsor public education for young children, usually only for low-income 4 year olds. Of the 40 states that sponsor early education, the average funding is less than ____ per year per student. Answer Point Value: 1.0 points Answer Key: $5000