Independent and Dependent Variables

Vocabulary/Concepts: Below is MOST of the vocabulary we covered over the first semester. Use the vocabulary to make connections to the content. MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE AS MUCH VOCABULARY IN YOUR RESPONSES AS POSSIBLE. ONLY DEFINE TERMS YOU DON’T KNOW. Independent variable Dependent variable Line/Bar Graphs Percentage Average speed Velocity Terminal Velocity Acceleration Percent Change Rate of Change Percent Difference Percent Error Interval Force Net Force Balanced Forces Unbalanced Forces Free Body Diagram Momentum Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision Impulse kg*m/s Distance Units kg m/s m/s2 Newtons - kg*m/s2 Mass Weight Gravity Gravitational force Acceleration due to gravity Newton’s Second Law Friction Air resistance Orbit Kepler’s 1st Law Kepler’s 2nd Law Kepler’s 3rd Law Ellipse Foci Major axis Minor Axis Eccentricity Aphelion Perihelion Kinetic Energy Potential energy Motion Energy Electrical Energy Thermal Energy Radiant Energy Sound Energy Chemical Energy Nuclear Energy GPE Elastic energy Joules - kg*m2/s2 Atom Proton Neutron Electron Nucleus Electron Cloud (Energy Level) Volume Coulomb’s Law Electromagnetic Radiation Wavelength Frequency Amplitude Static electricity Conduction Friction Induction Circuit Ohm’s Law Resistance Current Voltage Farday’s Law (Electromagnetic Induction) Permanent Magnet Electromagnet Domains Units and Questions: Complete the questions in this study guide for each section we covered. Make sure to answer the questions on a separate piece of paper as you will turn in your responses on the day of the exam. Scientific Method 1) Explain the difference between the independent and dependent variables. 2) Describe what goes into a well-structured graph. 3) How do you know when to make a line graph versus a bar graph? 4) Why do you use processed data in a conclusion? Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration - use the graph to answer the questions. 1) Explain the difference between m/s and m/s2. 2) What are three things missing from this graph? List what you would include on the graph to replace the missing information. 3) Explain independent and dependent variables in terms of graphing data. 4) What is the equation for velocity? Calculate the average velocity of the object between 0 m and 250 m. 5) When is the object accelerating? Explain. 6) What is the percent difference in meters from 100 s to 200 s? Momentum 1) The diagram below shows four objects of different masses each moving at different speeds. Which one has the largest momentum? Explain why with correct vocabulary. A B C D 2) The unit for momentum is kg*m/s. Explain how this unit relates to velocity. 3) A red car with a mass of 2kg is moving at 5m/s towards a stationary blue car that has a mass of 3 kg. After the collision, the two cars stick together at a speed of 2 m/s. Complete the table. Initial Momentum Final Momentum Change in Momentum Red Cart Initial mass:______ Initial Speed:______ Blue Cart Initial Mass:______ Initial Speed:______ System Total 4) Based on your class experiences, how does this system show the Conservation of Momentum? Forces and Impulse SHOW YOUR WORK FOR ALL CALCULATIONS 1) What is force? 2) Describe the motion of an object with a balanced net force. (HINT: There are two possibilities!) 3) Describe the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. 4) Three students push on a box. Student A pushes 50 N left, Student B pushes 30 N right, and Student C pushes 40 N right. a. Create a free-body diagram of the box and ALL the forces. b. What direction will the box move? Include the magnitude of the force. 5) How many newtons of force is represented by the following amount: 3 kg·m/s2? Justify your answer. 6) Your shopping cart has a mass of 65 kilograms. How much force needs to be applied to accelerate the shopping cart down an aisle at 0.3 m/s2? 7) Define impulse. 8) What are the units for impulse and how do they relate to momentum? Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 1) What is the effect of the mass of two objects on the gravitational force experienced between them? 2) What is the effect of distance on the gravitational force between two objects? 3) Why does the acceleration due to gravity differ on Mars and Earth? Kepler’s Laws 1) Explain why Kepler’s 2nd Law is valid. 2) Draw and label an ellipse with an eccentricity close to zero. 3) Draw and label an ellipse with an eccentricity close to one. 4) Provide two similarities and two differences between both ellipses. 5) Draw a free-body diagram of Earth as it moves through its orbit around the Sun. Include perihelion and aphelion.