Type of Molecule Building Blocks or Monomers Functions

Type of Molecule Building Blocks or Monomers Functions Examples -Glucose -Provide energy Carbohydrate Monosaccharides -Lactose -Structural purpose -Cellulose -Triglycerides -Fatty Acids -Energy Storage -Glycerol -Communication from cell to cell Lipids -Phospholipids -Waxes Proteins -Structure -Insulin -Functional – Enzyme, hormones -Hemoglobin Amino Acids -DNA Nucleic Acids Nucleotides -genetic information storage and transfer -RNA Property of Water Definition Where it is seen biologically Cohesion The ability for water to stick to itself Surface tension Adhesion The ability for water to stick to other Capillary action things High Specific Heat Capacity Resists temperature changes High Heat of Vaporization Requires a lot of energy to evaporate Cooling through sweating High Heat of Fusion Absorbs a lot of heat before melting Regulates body and earth temperature Organisms can survive different temperature changes Low Density when solid Ice is less dense than the liquid water Aquatic life can survive cold temperatures Dissociation Can dissolve into H+ and OH- Maintains pH in organisms Versatile Solvent Important in biochemical reactions like dehydration synthesis Dissolves many substances Biochemical Reaction Definition Anabolic Creates a water molecule Dehydration Synthesis Requires energy Removes an OH from one end and an H from the other. Reverse of dehydration synthesis reaction Catabolic Hydrolysis Reaction Adds water Releases energy One atom transfers an electron to another. Oxidation – loss of electrons Reduction – gain of electrons Re-dox Reaction Seen in ionic easily but can happen in covalent Energy conversion, cellular respiration, photosynthesis In the body neutral is best Uses buffers Neutralizations Acid + base water and a salt Functional Group Structure of the Functional Group Hydroxyl -OH Main Biological Molecules containing this functional group - Carbohydrates - Glycerol - Protein Carboxylic Acid -COOH - Fatty Acids -Nucleic Acids Carbonyl Aldehyde -COH - Carbohydrates Carbonyl - Ketone -CO - Lipids Amino -NH2 - Proteins Phosphate -PO4 -Nucleic Acids Sulfhydryl -SH -Proteins Carbohydrates Empirical Formula is (CH 2 O) n Used for Cell to cell signaling and communication Building blocks for larger molecules Energy source (immediate and storage) Monosaccharides – simple Straight chain When there are 5 or more carbon, will sometimes create a ring structure Hexoses: 6 carbons Glucose Galactose Fructose Ring Structures More than one possible for each monosaccharide Alpha glucose: OH on bottom; beta glucose – OH on top Where in the diet Fruits, milk, processed foods, candy, table sugar, starches Oligosaccharides 2 or more sugar molecules Formed in anabolic reaction dehydration synthesis Common ones Maltose – two alpha glucose Lactose – one alpha glucose and alpha galactose Sucrose – one alpha glucose and fructose Disaccharide formation Glycosidic linkages – bond between sugars (between the carbons) Polysaccharide – many Complex carbs Straight, branched, or side groups Long term energy Structural support (chitin) Vitamins, minerals, and fibre Majority of carbs should come from complex carbs and naturally occurring sugars Starch Carb storage unit of plants Amylose and amylopectin Insoluble Able to break down Glycogen Long term energy storage in animals Amylopectin but with branches Any unused glucose gets storied as glycogen in the liver and muscles Cellulose Plant cell walls Structural support Straight chain of beta glucose 1-4 glycosidic linkages H bonds form between adjacent cellulose strands CANNOT digest Fibre (clears the digestive tract) Chitin Exoskeleton material Monomers: beta glucose with an N group CANNOT digest Contact lenses and biodegradable stitches Lipids Hydrophobic, non polar Storing energy, building membranes and chemically signalling molecules Fats, waxes, steroids, phospholipids Fats Energy storage: stores more energy than carbs, but the energy is not easily accessible Insulation Most common: triglycerides (glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids) Triglycerides Glycerol: alcohol; fatty acids: acidic carboxyl group Dehydration synthesis reaction An acid reacting with the alcohol produces an ester linkage: esterification Fatty Acids Saturated SINGLE bonds Solid at room temp 3 saturated fatty acids needed Animal products Unsaturated DOUBLE bonds L iquid At least 1 unsaturated fatty acid needed Plant based oils and fish Hydrogenation: adding hydrogen to plant oil to make it saturated and then a solid – uses an enzyme and hydrogen gas – TRANS FATTY ACIDS Trans fatty acids are found in fried foods, margarines, processed foods containing margarine oils an d fats Poly and mono unsaturated fats lower your risk of hear disease Saturated and trans fatty acids raise your risk of heart disease Phospholipids Make up cell membranes Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a polar phosphate group Phosphate head is hydrophilic, fatty acid tails is hydrophobic This layer makes it impossible for polar molecules to pass through the cell membrane Steroids Hydrophobic 4 fused hydrocarbon rings with different functional groups Cholesterol: needed for fluidity of cell membranes but can be dangerous (blocking of arteries) Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone) Waxes Hydrophobic fatty acids chains attached to ring structures and alcohols Very pliable solids Used as waterproofing ( cutin , beeswax) Proteins Most diverse and important macros DNA codes for protein Polymers made of amino acids Amino Acids Central carbon attached to an amino group (NH2), carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and an R group Amphiprotic (both acidic and basic) Humans use 20 9 essential (ones we cannot make) Can be classified based on their R group by polarity or electric charge Linking of Amino Acids Final shape of amino is the conformation Protein synthesis, SNA directes robosomes , RNA and anzymes to st art linking amino acids in specific sequence s, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Peptide bonds form between the two amino acids Always will have amino terminus and carboxyl terminus Structural: straight linear (collagen, myosin, fibrin, keratin) Functional: globular (hemoglobin. Catalase, insulin) Globular Proteins All specific proteins have the same exact polypeptide chain Composed of one or more polypeptide chains that have a rounded spherical conformation Four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quate r nary Primary Sequence of amino acids dictated by DNA Sickle cell anemia: disorder due to a single amino acid substitution in the primary structure of hemoglobin Secondary Coiling and folding Due to hydrogen bonds between adjacent portions of the chain Alpha helix: coiled appearance due to electronegative oxygen from the carbonyl group forming a hydrogen bond with the electropositive hydrogen of the amino group Keratin Two parts run parallel to one another, hydrogen bonds form in between Spider silk Tertiary Based on interactions between the R groups Quaternary The association of two or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein (when the become a circle) Nucleic Acids Macros made up of nucleotides Carry genetic info, form specific structures in a cell or carry out specific roles in a cell Found in all living things and viruses Most common are deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid Nucleotides Consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group Double ring structure: purine Single ring structure: pyrimidine Bond through hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups on the pryrimidine of one nucleotide and the purine on the next to create a double strand DNA Used for carrying genetic info and the recipe for proteins Pentose sugar is deoxyribose Contains four different nucleotides only different in the nitrogenous base : adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine Adenine and guanine are purines Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines DNA structure Double helix where two nucleotide strands run anti parallel to one another Twisted ladder where sugar and phosphate make up the sides and nitrogenous base make up the steps Nucelotides are held together by 2 bonds: phosphodiester bonds (condensation reactions )( link the sides of the double helix) and hydrogen bonds (nitrogenous bases are held together) Complimentary Base Pairing Adenine always with thymine since they can make 2 hydrogen bonds Cytosine always with guanine since they can make 3 hydrogen bonds As a result each step contains one purine and one pyrimidine which keep DNA a helix. RNA Single stranded and short Uses adenine, cytosine, guanine but NOT thymine Instead of thymine it uses uracil Pentose is ribose Three different types mRNA – decodes the DNA code (protein recipe) and tak es it from the nucleus to ribosomes tRNA – brings amino acids to the ribosome to be used in the new polypeptide chain rRNA – what makes up ribosomes (where proteins are made in the cell) Other Nucleic Acids adenosine triphosphate: energy currency for the cell (ATP) NAD, FAD, GDP, NADP: high energy electron carrying molecules used in cellular respiration or photosynthesis