G7 Unit 6: Body Systems

UNIT 6: Body Systems Part 1: Locomotor System Name: _____________ Teacher:______________ Packet includes: ●​ Introduction to Body Systems ●​ Locomotor (Musculoskeletal) System Bring this packet to class every day! Introduction to Body Systems In the study of biology, we often explore the different levels of organization within living organisms. These levels help us understand how the body is structured and how it functions as a whole. One way to categorize these levels is through the concept of body systems. Levels of Organization 1. Cell: The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the smallest structure that can perform all the necessary functions of life. Cells are the building blocks of all living organisms. 2. Tissue: Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. 3. Organ: An organ is a structure made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Examples of organs include the heart, lungs, liver, and brain. 4. Organ System: An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function or set of functions. Each organ system has a specific role in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the body. 5. Organism: An organism is a complete living individual. It is made up of multiple organ systems working together to maintain homeostasis and carry out all the necessary life processes. Example Let's take a look at the example of the circulatory system to better understand these levels of organization: ●​ Cell: The circulatory system is composed of various types of cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. ●​ Tissue: These cells come together to form different types of tissues within the circulatory system. For example, red blood cells form blood tissue, while the inner lining of blood vessels is made up of endothelial tissue. ●​ Organ: The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system. It is composed of different types of tissues, including cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue. ●​ Organ System: The circulatory system itself is an organ system. It includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. These organs work together to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. ●​ Organism: The circulatory system is just one of many organ systems in the human body. It works in conjunction with other systems, such as the respiratory system, digestive system, and nervous system, to maintain the overall health and functioning of the organism. Understanding the levels of organization within the body helps us appreciate the complexity and interconnectedness of different body systems. In the following sections, we will explore specific organ systems in more detail, starting with the locomotor (musculoskeletal) system 2 Levels of Organization Notes Level Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Example Drawing Definition 3 Locomotor (or Musculoskeletal) System Body System Main Organs Function(s) Locomotor (musculoskeletal) 4 Locomotor System Key Terms Term Definition Skeleton framework of bones and cartilage that supports and protects the soft tissues and the internal organs of the body. Muscles body tissue which consists of long cells that can contract and produce motion. Joints where two bones meet Tendons Join a muscle to a bone Ligaments Join bone to bone Cartilage Protects the ends of bones Antagonistic muscles two muscles which carry out opposite effects. Synovial Fluid fills the space between the ends of bones in a joint, and acts as a lubricant Image, translation, or example 5 Student Exploration: Muscles and Bones Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: actin, biceps, cartilage, contract, extend, fast twitch fiber, flex, fulcrum, humerus, lever, ligament, muscle fiber, myofibril, myosin, powerstroke, radius, sarcomere, skeletal muscles, slow twitch fiber, tendon, triceps, ulna Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1.​ When you lift a weight, what part of the arm is doing the most work? 2.​ How do you think your arm muscles cause your forearm bones to move? ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gizmo Warm-up ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ To begin, make sure you are on the ANATOMY tab, the entire arm is shown, and no circles are open. Select Hide muscles. Click Play. 1.​ Describe what the arm bones are doing. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2.​ Turn off Hide muscles and turn on Show labels. Describe what the biceps and triceps are doing as the forearm moves up and down. ​ ​ ​ Activity A: Muscle anatomy ​ ​ Get the Gizmo ready: ​ ●​ Make sure the ANATOMY tab is selected and no circles are open. Introduction: Your arm contains muscles, bones, and other connective tissue. When muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move. In this activity, you will learn what causes muscles to contract. Question: What causes muscles to contract? 1.​ Observe: Turn on Hide muscles and Show labels. A.​ Which bone connects the shoulder to the forearm? B.​ What are the names of the two forearm bones? ​ ​ ​ 6 2.​ Observe: Note the white connective tissue along the elbow. Cartilage reduces friction between bones. Examine the ligament. A.​ Ligaments connect bones to B.​ Turn off Hide muscles. Inspect the tendons. Tendons join bones to 3.​ Explore: Click Play. Observe the muscles as the forearm moves up and down. A.​ When the arm flexes (bends upward), which muscle contracts? B.​ Which muscle relaxes when the arm flexes? C.​ When the arm extends (straightens), which muscle contracts? D.​ Which muscle relaxes when the arm extends? ​ E.​ Why do muscles work in pairs? ​ ​ ​ ​ 4.​ Observe: Click on the biceps to see a close-up of the muscle. ​ ​ ​ A.​ What is the muscle made of? ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ B.​ Click Play. What happens to the muscle fibers (muscle cells) as the arm flexes and extends? ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Activity B: Arm design: Lifting ​ ​ Get the Gizmo ready: ●​ Open the DESIGN tab. ●​ For the Challenge, select Lift. Question: How can an arm be constructed to lift weights most effectively? 1.​ Experiment: In this activity, you will custom design an arm to lift a dumbbell using bones, muscles, and connective tissue. Drag pieces from the parts library to the red dots on the left. The arm is complete when all of the red dots are covered. Refer back to the ANATOMY tab if needed. When you are finished, select the TEST tab. A.​ Click Play. Did the arm lift the dumbbell? If not, modify your design. B.​ Which muscle must contract to lift the dumbbell? C.​ What happens to the length of this muscle when it contracts? 7 2.​ Compare: Note the three different options for the ratio of slow twitch fibers to fast twitch fibers. Slow twitch (ST) fibers contract and relax more slowly than fast twitch (FT) fibers. Construct an arm using each of the three muscles, for both the biceps and triceps. Determine the maximum dumbbell mass each arm can lift and record in the table below. Muscle 80% ST, 20% FT 50% ST, 50% FT 20% ST, 80% FT Maximum mass What type of muscle fiber is best for lifting the most mass? 3.​ Collect data: Set the dumbbell mass to 10 kg and select Multiple reps. Click Play. A.​ Record the number of reps each muscle type can do before it is too tired to continue:​​ 80% ST, 20% FT: 50% FT, 50% ST: 20% ST, 80% FT: B.​ Which fiber type gets tired the fastest? C.​ Which type of fiber is best if you need a quick burst of energy? D.​ Which fiber is best for low intensity, sustained exercise? ​ ​ ​ ​ Muscles made of slow twitch fibers use oxygen and are rich in blood vessels, giving them a dark red color. These fibers produce relatively little force but can last a long time before they get tired because they receive a constant supply of oxygen and fuel. Fast twitch fibers do not need outside oxygen, have fewer blood vessels, and are lighter in color. They can generate large amounts of force and provide a quick burst of energy. However, fast twitch fibers have a very limited supply of fuel and tire quickly. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4.​ Investigate: In the DESIGN tab, remove the cartilage from one of your designed arms. Compare the number of repetitions this arm can do compared to the arm with cartilage. What do you find? ​ Since cartilage acts to reduce friction between the bones in a joint, the absence of cartilage forces the muscles to work harder and tire more quickly. Cartilage also prevents joint pain. 5.​ Experiment: In the DESIGN tab, you can use a slider to adjust the length of the forearm bones. Use the Gizmo to see how bone length affects how much mass can be lifted. A.​ What do you find? ​ B.​ On the TEST tab, for Data select Summary. Note the output. How does the force exerted on the same mass differ between short and long bones? The arm acts as a lever, with the elbow serving as the pivot point or fulcrum. As the distance to the fulcrum increases, less weight can be lifted. So while shorter arms can lift more weight, longer arms can lift objects higher. 8 6.​ Investigate: In the DESIGN tab, the white circles represent the insertion point of the tendons, where they connect the muscles to the bone. Use the Gizmo to see how the location of the insertion point affects the amount of mass that can be lifted.​ ​ ​ A.​ What do you find? ​ B.​ Why do you think the location of the insertion point has this effect?​ C.​ Note how far the arm lifts the weight. What is a disadvantage of moving the insertion point farther from the elbow? ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ In an actual human arm, the insertion point is close to the elbow, allowing for a greater range of motion. 7.​ Apply: Using the principles you have learned, construct an arm that can lift the most mass. A.​ How much mass can your arm lift? ​ B.​ What settings did you use? Forearm length: Muscle type: Insertion point: Summarize what you learned about muscles and bones from the gizmos simulation and investigation 9 Use the slides to move through the steps below and learn about the locomotor system Part 1: SKELETON 1.​ Watch the Brainpop on skeletons 2.​ Fill in the notes below using the slides The human head is hard because of this bone: the skull. It’s part of a framework of bones called the ___________. Your skeleton ___________ and __________ all your soft insides, and helps you move around. __________ are made up of several layers. On the outside is a thin membrane called the periosteum. It can be found all over every bone, except on the endpoints of long ones. Below that is a thick layer of hard compact bone, which surrounds a layer of spongy bone. Bones aren’t totally _________, though. In the center of most bones is a jelly-like substance called __________. This stuff produces a lot of the body’s __________ cells. Bones also store calcium, which your body’s nerve and muscle cells need. People are born with ___________ bones than they have later in life. As babies grow, some of their bones fuse together. Adults usually end up with _________ bones in total. Each one is adapted for a specific function. Like the breastplate: It’s big and flat to protect our heart and lungs. Whereas the small, delicate bones in our wrists and hands let us make precise movements. And our thick leg bones support our weight. Vertebrae and other bones are connected to each other by tough tissues called ___________. And bones are attached to muscles by similarly tough tissues called ___________. At the ends of bones, there’s a rubbery substance called ______________. It’s a kind of padding, to protect against the wear and tear we get from moving around. The places where bones meet are called ___________. Summarize the primary functions of the skeleton Movement Support Protection 10 Part 2: MUSCLES 3.​ Watch the Brainpop on muscles 4.​ Fill in the notes below using the slides You can’t flex your heart because it’s an _____________ muscle. Well, that’s one of the two basic types of muscle. The other kind is ___________. Voluntary muscles are the ones that let you move the different parts of your body. Whenever you smile, lift weights, or walk around, your ____________ muscles are at work. They’re called voluntary because they’re under your conscious ____________. When you decide to move a part of your body, a _________ signal travels from your _________ to the right muscle, making it move. Anyway, voluntary muscles are also called ____________ muscles because their job is to move bones. Skeletal muscles work in teams at your _____________, where two or more bones meet. To move the elbow joint, one set of muscles shrinks, or ____________, while the other one relaxes and gets longer. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by thick bands of tough tissue called _____________. Some of your face muscles are a little different—they’re attached directly to the skin and other tissues, letting you make different expressions. __________ muscles are totally different. Involuntary muscles in your veins and arteries control the flow of blood. Under the microscope, voluntary and involuntary muscles look different. The voluntary tissue is striated, or striped. They're arranged in bundles of cells called muscle _________. Most involuntary tissue is made of smooth muscle. It appears smooth because its cells are arranged in sheets. The heart is a kind of in-between case called ______________ muscle. It's striated, like skeletal muscles, but involuntary- it just keeps beating and beating. Like the rest of your body, muscles are powered by a sugar called glucose. Without a constant supply of glucose, muscles start to get ________________.They also need plenty of __________, or they cramp up. Exercising your skeletal muscles helps them get bigger and ____________. It also strengthens your heart muscle by making it beat harder and faster. 11 Number these sentences in order to describe the movement of an antagonistic pair of muscles _____ The bicep begins to contract and the tricep relaxes lifting the ball _____The arm is fully bent towards the body _____ The tricep is contracted while the bicep is relaxed and the arm is extended _____ The bicep is fully contracted and the tricep is fully relaxed Part 3: JOINTS 1.​ Use the video and slides to complete the notes Type of Joint Description Label Ball and Socket Hinge Fixed Pivot 12 Fill in the blanks: P_________ The ends of the bones are covered in _______________. This allows movement of _________ degrees. H_________ Works like a lever and allows movement of _________ degrees. F__________ Form between ______ bits of bone and do not move. They were once _______ as a baby. B_______ and An example of this join is the ___________. S________ Use the slides to summarize each part of a joint and then label the diagram Ligament Tendon Cartilage Synovial fluid PACKET REVIEW 1. What is the basic unit of life? a) Organ b) Tissue c) Cell d) Organism 3. What is the main function of the locomotor system? a) Control and coordinate body functions b) Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products c) Support and protect the soft tissues and organs d) Enable movement and provide support for the body 13 4. What is the name of the framework of bones that supports and protects the body? a) Muscles b) Joints c) Skeleton d) Cartilage 5. What connects muscles to bones? a) Ligaments b) Tendons c) Cartilage d) Synovial fluid 6. What are the two types of muscles? a) Skeletal and cardiac b) Voluntary and involuntary c) Smooth and striated d) Slow twitch and fast twitch 7. What is the function of ligaments? a) Connect bones to muscles b) Connect bone to bone c) Protect the ends of bones d) Fill the space between the ends of bones in a joint 8. What is the purpose of synovial fluid? a) Connect bones to muscles b) Connect bone to bone c) Protect the ends of bones d) Act as a lubricant in joints 10. What type of joint allows movement in all directions? a) Ball and socket b) Hinge c) Fixed d) Pivot 13. How do muscles receive the energy they need to function? a) Through the bloodstream b) Through the nervous system c) Through the digestive system d) Through the respiratory system 14. What is the advantage of having cartilage in joints? a) It reduces friction between bones. b) It provides a cushion for the bones. c) It allows for a greater range of motion. d) All of the above 14 Short Answer Questions: 1.​ Describe the levels of organization within the body. 2.​ How do muscles work in pairs to create movement? Fill in the Blank: 1. The ___________ is the basic unit of life. 2. The ___________ system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. 3. The ___________ system is responsible for movement and providing support for the body. 4. ___________ connect bones to muscles. 5. ___________ fill the space between the ends of bones in a joint and act as a lubricant. 6. The primary functions of the skeleton are movement, support, and ___________. 7. ___________ muscles are under conscious control and are responsible for voluntary movements. 8. The ends of bones are covered in ___________ to reduce friction. 15