University:
Rutgers University Newark
Course:
BIO 203 | General Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

481

Pages:

75
Author:

Mahitab S.

Things to Do for Lecture This Week • Reading Assignment 5 on Campbell Biology textbook pp. 1254-1255 and sections 55.1, 55.3, 55.4. Due Thursday 8:30 am • Sixth Extinction Chapter 6. Due Thursday 8:30 am • HW 10: The Zombie Ants. Due Sunday 11:55 pm • Weekly Quiz 4. Due Sunday 11:55 pm Things to Do for Lab This Week • Prepare and practice your threatened species presentation. • Revise your threatened species summary and references based on your peer review. • Revise your Independent Plant Ecology Experimental Design Sheet based on your instructor’s comments. Bring revised sheet to lab to use when setting up experiment. • Read “How to Write a Materials and Methods Section” before lab. • Read “Tips for Writing a Materials and Methods Section” before lab. Things to Do for Lab This Week • Read “How to Finish the Annotated Bibliography and Summary Project” before lab. • Finish and submit your Threatened Species Annotated Bibliography and Summary project. Due submitted to the link on the lab Canvas site by this Sunday 11:55 pm. Ecosystem Ecology and Energy Flow Today’s Questions • What is an ecosystem? • What does ecosystem ecology study? • How does energy flow through food webs? Today’s Questions What is an ecosystem? What does ecosystem ecology study? Ecosystem Living organisms and their a________ e_________. Ecosystem Living organisms and their abiotic environment. Ecosystem Ecology • Started by ecologists who realized that living systems are tightly intertwined with c________ and p_______ systems. Howard Thomas Odum was one of the first ecosystem ecologists. Ecosystem Ecology • Started by ecologists who realized that living systems are tightly intertwined with chemical and physical systems. Howard Thomas Odum was one of the first ecosystem ecologists. Ecosystem Ecology • Ecosystem ecology studies how communities interact with their abiotic environment: – Energy Flow • The one-way flow of energy from the s____ through a c________ of o_______ (where it powers interactions and processes) and out as h_____ . – Materials Cycling • The movement of n______ through various biotic and abiotic reservoirs – true cycling. Ecosystem Ecology • Ecosystem ecology studies how communities interact with their abiotic environment: – Energy Flow • The one-way flow of energy from the sun through a community of organisms (where it powers interactions and processes) and out as heat. – Materials Cycling • The movement of nutrients through various biotic and abiotic reservoirs – true cycling. Ecosystem Ecology • An ecosystem is analyzed as if it were a machine. • Ecosystems – Receive inputs of e___________ – Process the e_____ while cycling m_____ internally – Produce outputs (h_____, animal w______) Ecosystem Ecology • An ecosystem is analyzed as if it were a machine. • Ecosystems – Receive inputs of energy – Process the energy while cycling matter internally – Produce outputs (heat, animal waste) Ecosystem Ecology Howard Thomas Odum’s Silver Spring study of a stream was the first complete analysis of a natural ecosystem. Odum used a diagramming style typical of engineering. Today’s Questions How does energy flow through food webs? Energy Flow Need Living Systems Need Energy • Energy is needed to create o________ and c___________: – Build the big molecules used by cells – Build and maintain cell structure – Power the interactions within and between species Need Living Systems Need Energy • Energy is needed to create organization and complexity: – Build the big molecules used by cells – Build and maintain cell structure – Power the interactions within and between species Where does the energy that powers nearly all communities on Earth come from? Radiant (Light) Energy from the Sun Powers Most Living Systems How does radiant energy from the sun get trapped and transferred to communities? Photosynthesis traps the energy of l_____and puts it in a c______ form that living things can use. Done by autotrophs – green p_____, a_____, c________ Photosynthesis traps the energy of light and puts it in a chemical form that living things can use. Done by autotrophs – green plants, algae, cyanobacteria Photosynthesis traps the energy of light in molecules of the sugar g______. Photosynthesis traps the energy of light in molecules of the sugar glucose. Where is the energy of light in the glucose molecule? Glucose Molecule The energy of light is now in the b_____ that hold atoms together in organic molecules. Glucose Molecule The energy of light is now in the bonds that hold atoms together in organic molecules. Glucose Molecule Energy Flow Trophic Levels Where an organism gets its energy Autotrophs Use photosynthesis to capture r_____ e______ from the s_____ and convert it into c_______ energy stored in the bonds of g_______ (sugar) molecules. Autotrophs do this to get chemical energy to power their own metabolic processes. Heterotrophs Energy Flow Trophic Levels Where an organism gets its energy Autotrophs Use photosynthesis to capture radiant energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose (sugar) molecules. Autotrophs do this to get chemical energy to power their own metabolic processes. Heterotrophs Autotrophs: Green Plants and Algae PG = R + PN Autotrophs trap r______ e______ into the bonds of s_____ molecules (g_____ primary productivity). They use some of this energy to live (r_________) and store the rest in their tissues (n__primary productivity). Autrophs: Green Plants and Algae PG = R + PN Autotrophs trap radiant energy into the bonds of sugar molecules (gross primary productivity). They use some of this energy to live (respiration) and store the rest in their tissues (net primary productivity). Productivity • The rate at which autotrophs convert solar energy into biomass. • Net Productivity is typically measured as: Kcal / m2 / year or g / m2 / year Ecosystems Vary in Productivity High Productivity Ecosystems Vary in Productivity High Productivity Wetland Estuary Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems Vary in Productivity Low Productivity Ecosystems Vary in Productivity Low Productivity Desert Open Ocean Tundra Net primary productivity is high in w___ w___ areas. Net primary productivity is high in warm wet areas. How does a cell release the energy stored in the bonds of glucose and other organic molecules? When a cell needs energy, it breaks the bonds holding molecules together in a process called c____ r_____ . Autotrophs and heterotrophs (a____, f_____, some microbes) use cellular respiration to access the energy trapped in molecular bonds. When a cell needs energy, it breaks the bonds holding molecules together in a process called cellular respiration. Autotrophs and heterotrophs (animals, fungi, some microbes) all use cellular respiration to access the energy trapped in molecular bonds. Energy Flow Trophic Levels Where an organism gets its energy Autotrophs Use photosynthesis to capture radiant energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose molecules. Then the autotroph breaks the bonds of the glucose molecules to release this energy. Heterotrophs Break the b______ holding together organic m_______ in the tissues of another living organism. Energy Flow Trophic Levels Where an organism gets its energy Autotrophs Use photosynthesis to capture radiant energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose molecules. Then the autotroph breaks the bonds of the glucose molecules to release this energy. Heterotrophs Break the bonds holding together organic molecules in the tissues of another living organism. Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms Herbivores get their energy from the PN in primary producers. But not all PN is available to heterotrophs. Some is unreachable, some is not digestible (and goes to decomposers). Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms PN consumed Maintenance Growth Feces, Urine (Waste) Secondary Production is the energy stored in animal t______ as a result of growth. Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms PN consumed Maintenance Growth Feces, Urine (Waste) Secondary Production is the energy stored in animal tissue as a result of growth. Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms Eat Living Tissue Eat Already-Dead Tissue Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms Eat Living Tissue Eat Already-Dead Tissue Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Eat p_____ p______ Eat a______ Eat both _________ and __________ Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms Eat Living Tissue Herbivore Eat Already-Dead Tissue Carnivore Eat primary producers Eat animals Omnivore Eat both primary producers and animals Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms Eat Living Tissue Eat Already-Dead Tissue Macroorganisms Microorganism Break b__ pieces of tissue into s___ pieces. Break tissues down to a____ m_______. B______ and f______ are true decomposers. Scavengers Animals snails, crabs, worms, mites Heat Abiotic Molecules Heterotrophs Gain Energy by Consuming Other Organisms Eat Living Tissue Macroorganisms Microorganism Break big pieces of tissue into small pieces. Break tissues down to abiotic molecules. Bacteria and fungi – the true decomposers. Scavengers Animals snails, crabs, worms, mites Eat Already-Dead Tissue Heat Abiotic Molecules Food Webs Show How Energy Flows and Materials Cycle Through Communities M_____ and the e______ they carry move up food chains. Food Webs Show How Energy Flows and Materials Cycle Through Communities Materials and the energy they carry move up food chains. Food Webs: Detrital and Grazing Detrital Food Web Dominant in t_______ and s_____ w______ ecosystems. Abiotic Nutrients True Food Webs: Detrital and Grazing Detrital Food Web Dominant in terrestrial and shallow water ecosystems. Abiotic Nutrients True Food Webs: Detrital and Grazing Grazing Food Web Dominant in d_____ w_____ ecosystems. True Food Webs: Detrital and Grazing Grazing Food Web Dominant in deep water ecosystems. True Energy Flows Through Food Webs Second Law of Thermodynamics – Energy changes in f_____ as it is transferred through the trophic levels, becoming less u____. Eventually, the last bit of energy is lost from the system as h____ during decomposition. Energy Flows Through Food Webs Second Law of Thermodynamics – Energy changes in form as it is transferred through the trophic levels, becoming less usable. Eventually, the last bit of energy is lost from the system as heat during decomposition. The Law of 10 Biological systems are inefficient. Only ____% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next level. _____% of the energy is lost between levels. The Law of 10 Biological systems are inefficient. Only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next level. 90% of the energy is lost between levels. Energy Flows Through Food Webs Usable Energy (10%) PG PN1 R Available Harvested Ingested (I) Assimilated (A) Growth (PN2) Unavailable Surplus Leftovers Defecation Loss Maintenance (R) Lost Energy (90%) Efficiencies A/I – Assimilated/Ingested Efficiency of the consumer at e______ e_____ from food. Endotherm = __%, Ectotherm = __% Carnivores (> or <) Herbivores P/A - Productivity/Assimilation Efficiency of converting assimilated e_____ into t______ (growth). This is the energy available to the next trophic level. Endotherm = ___%, Ectotherm = ___% Efficiencies A/I – Assimilated/Ingested Efficiency of the consumer at extracting energy from food. Endotherm = 70%, Ectotherm = 42% Carnivores > Herbivores P/A - Productivity/Assimilation Efficiency of converting assimilated e_____ into t______ (growth). This is the energy available to the next trophic level. Endotherm = ___%, Ectotherm = ___% Efficiencies A/I – Assimilated/Ingested Efficiency of the consumer at extracting energy from food. Endotherm = 70%, Ectotherm = 42% Carnivores > Herbivores P/A - Productivity/Assimilation Efficiency of converting assimilated energy into tissue (growth). This is the energy available to the next trophic level. Endotherm = 2%, Ectotherm = 44% The Law of 10 Limits Food Chain Length This loss of ____% of the energy between trophic levels means food chains cannot be infinitely long. Food chains are typically ____ links long, __ is very rare. The Law of 10 Limits Food Chain Length This loss of 90% of the energy between trophic levels means food chains cannot be infinitely long. Food chains are typically 3-4 links long, 5 is very rare. The Law of 10 Creates Pyramids The loss of energy as it moves up a food chain causes a pyramid of energy: the amount of energy incorporated into organisms at each trophic level in a certain area over a year. The Law of 10 Creates Pyramids The loss of energy as it moves up a food chain causes a pyramid of biomass: the mass incorporated into organisms at each level. The Law of 10 Creates Pyramids The loss of energy as it moves up a food chain causes a pyramid of numbers: the abundance of organisms at each trophic level. Things to Do for Lecture This Week • Reading Assignment 5 on Campbell Biology textbook pp. 1254-1255 and sections 55.1, 55.3, 55.4. Due Thursday 8:30 am • Sixth Extinction Chapter 6. Due Thursday 8:30 am • HW 10: The Zombie Ants. Due Sunday 11:55 pm • Weekly Quiz 4. Due Sunday 11:55 pm Things to Do for Lab This Week • Prepare and practice your threatened species presentation. • Revise your threatened species summary and references based on your peer review. • Revise your Independent Plant Ecology Experimental Design Sheet based on your instructor’s comments. Bring revised sheet to lab to use when setting up experiment. • Read “How to Write a Materials and Methods Section” before lab. • Read “Tips for Writing a Materials and Methods Section” before lab. Things to Do for Lab This Week • Read “How to Finish the Annotated Bibliography and Summary Project” before lab. • Finish and submit your Threatened Species Annotated Bibliography and Summary project. Due submitted to the link on the lab Canvas site by this Sunday 11:55 pm.

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