Introduction to Psychology - Chapter 5 Homework

Chapter 5 Homework For each situation below, indicate whether it is an example of : a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. insight d. observational learning 1. Susie is a four-year-old child. One day she watches her mother vacuum the living room. Her mother comments to Susie, ÒDoesnÕt the living room look nice now that IÕve cleaned it?Ó The next day, her mother finds Susie ÒvacuumingÓ the living room with her toy vacuum. Observational learning 2. You are thinking of asking the teacher for an extension on your paper. Just as you are about to go up to the teacher, another student approaches the teacher with the same request. The teacher appears angry, and very loudly and rudely turns down the studentÕs request for an extension. You decide not to ask for an extension. Insight 3. Until she was eight, Barbara liked cats. When she was eight, she was bitten through the hand by a cat as she tried to get it out from under a bed. This was an upsetting experience. Since that time, Barbara experiences anxiety whenever she is near a cat. Classical conditioning 4. Alison, age four, needs to learn to speak up louder in class. Her parents and teacher agree that whenever Alison speaks up loudly in class, she will get a star on her chart. Whenever she accumulates 25 stars, she will get to go to Baskin-Robbins for ice cream. Alison starts speaking up in class more frequently. Operant conditioning 5. Scott, age six, has difficulty in reaching clothes hanging from the clothes bar in his closet because the clothes bar is too high. He figures out that if hangers simply had longer necks, he would be able to manage with the clothes bar at the current height. Working with his father, he creates a set of long-necked hangers and enters them in the ÒInvent AmericaÓ contest at his school. Observational learning 6. Tom is hammering nails into planks to build a fence. He experiments with holding the nail a different way and immediately hits his thumb with the hammer. OUCH! He continues his work, but he never holds the nail that way again. Insight 7. It is summer time. Sarah and Jeremy are in love. They enjoy being together and are thoroughly relaxed and content in each otherÕs presence. The hit song that summer is ÒBuckets of LoveÓ and they hear that song a lot when they are together. At the end of the summer, they have to return to their separate colleges, which are quite far apart. That fall, every time Sarah hears the tune ÒBuckets of Love,Ó she experiences the same feelings of relaxation and contentment that she felt when she was with Jeremy. Classical Conditioning In the following examples, identify which is being used to control behavior: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction 8. The smoke detector in JesseÕs house is low on batteries. It emits an annoying chirp every few seconds. Jesse installs a new battery so it will stop making that noise. Negative Reinforcement 9. Dr. Smith, a Doe College instructor, is having difficulty getting students to turn in papers. Previously, he had not assigned credit for homework; rather, he had simply assumed that students would do it for the practice. Dr. Smith establishes a policy that all students who turn in papers will get full credit for their work. Students now turn in papers much more often. Positive Reinforcement 10. Robert puts $0.85 in the Coke machine to buy his daily Coke. Today, nothing comes out, and he does not get his money back. Robert does not put any more money in the machine. Extinction 11. Jeff is playing with his food at the dinner table. His mother tells him to stop playing with his food. When he does not stop, she takes his food away, leaving Jeff hungry all night. Jeff never plays with his food again. Punishment 12. Jeff is playing with his food at the dinner table while his parents are trying to carry on an adult conversation. When his mother notices what Jeff is doing, she stops talking with her husband and directs her attention to Jeff. She yells at him to stop playing with his food, and says that playing with his food is a horrible and disgusting habit. Jeff plays with his food again several times during that meal, and even more frequently the next night. Extinction 13. Jeff is diligently working on an art project at school. His teacher notices how nicely he is working and praises him loudly for his efforts. Jeff immediately seems less interested working on his project. The teacher praises the little bits he completes as time goes on, and Jeff stops working on the art project entirely. Extinction For each example given, identify the unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR): 14. Art goes to a meeting in New Orleans and tries some oysters at the oyster bar. He likes the taste and eats quite a few. Soon he becomes very ill with an upset stomach. Now, even the thought of oysters makes him nauseous. US= oysters UR= smell of oysters 15. CS= he likes them CR= becomes nauseous When Trudy was four, Trudy did not have any particular reaction to, or interest in, yardsticks. From the time she was five, until she was eight, TrudyÕs parents beat her with a yardstick. Trudy was very upset every time she was beaten. Now Trudy becomes very upset every time she sees a yardstick. US= yard stick UR= sees yardstick CS= no reaction CR=afraid of yardstick