Correcting Capitalization Errors in Sentences Answer Key

ANSWER KEY CHAPTER 1 (pages 2–30) Questions about the Model (page 4) 1. The paragraph is about George Lucas. 2. George Lucas has changed the film industry in many ways. 3. Examples of capitalization are George Lucas (a person’s name), Star Wars, Harry Potter, Pirates of the Caribbean, and Star Trek (movie titles), and THX and CGI (abbreviations). 4. In Sentence 1, < has changed= is the verb. PRACTICE 1: Identifying Nouns and Verbs in Word Families (page 4) Noun Verb writer write 1. contributor 2. contribution contribute 1. educator 2. education educate improvement improve 1. revolution 2. revolutionary revolutionize PRACTICE 4: Correcting Capitalization Errors in Sentences (page 12) H 2. her major is business. T C 3. thanksgiving is a holiday in both canada and U S the united states, but it is celebrated on different days in the two countries. I T 4. it is celebrated on the fourth thursday in N U S november in the united states and on the second M O C monday in october in canada. I T 5. istanbul is a seaport city in turkey. G C B 6. greenhills college is located in boston, M massachusetts. I A 7. i am taking four classes this semester: american S E history, sociology 32, economics 40, and a digital product design course. PRACTICE 2: Forming Nouns (page 5) assistance beautification brightness criticism excitement leader simplification I E T O M Answers will vary. PRACTICE 3: Applying Capitalization Rules (page 12) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. El Salvador—place on a map 3. San Salvador—place on a map 4. United States—place on a map 5. New York—place on a map 6. Aunt Rosa—title and name of a person 7. Brooklyn—place on a map 8. City College—name of a school 9. English—name of a language 10. Spanish—name of a language S called the old man and the sea. M S 9. my roommate is from the south, so she speaks E english with a southern accent. T Try It Out! (page 10) H 8. i just read a good book by ernest hemingway J B 10. the two main religions in japan are buddhism S and shintoism. PRACTICE 5: Correcting Capitalization Errors in a Paragraph (page 13) I Y i enjoyed reading your paragraph. you are the C A I I first person from central america i have met. i was C I D living in chicago before i moved here last december. U E until now, everyone in my english classes came from A C T V asian countries, such as china, thailand, and vietnam, M E I or from countries in the middle east. i would like F I to know more about your goals. for example, i 9. Darth Vader represents the evil Empire and always wears black. 10. (At the end of the film), moviegoers applauded the defeat (of the evil Empire). PRACTICE 7: Using Nouns and Verbs Correctly (page 15) 2. Obi-Wan’s wisdom and life lessons transform Luke Skywalker (into a Jedi knight) 3. George Lucas’s THX sound system and computer-generated images really improve the battle scenes (in Star Wars). 4. An innovator (like Lucas) experiments (with new ideas). 5. Action films are full (of excitement) (for movie fans). want to know how a nurse is different from a nurse I practitioner. i would also like to know how many B science classes you need to take after biology 101 to I become a nurse practitioner. in your paragraph, you S say that your only special talent is speaking spanish, I but i think you have other talents if you are going to Y work in the field of medicine. your science classes will enable you to get a job, but being able to take care of others is a very special talent. C L christine li PRACTICE 8: Making Subjects and Verbs Agree (page 17) Subject 2. Basketball games on television make big profits for the NBA. Subject 3. The sale of T-shirts, hats, and other NBA products is also good for business. Subject 4. Some of the NBA games are on television in countries outside the United States. Subject 5. Some of the success of the NBA is because of individual players. Subject 6. There were more NBA games on TV in China after 2002, the year that Yao Ming started playing for the Houston Rockets. Subject Answers will vary. 7. There was a very good reason for the NBA’s increase in popularity. PRACTICE 6: Identifying Subjects, Verbs, and Prepositional Phrases 8. Most of the new Chinese fans were originally fans of Ming. Try It Out! (page 13) (page15) 3. Audiences loved the film and the characters (init). 4. George Lucas wrote the story and planned the special effects. 5. He worked (with talented artists and engineers). 6. Lucas and his team designed and built an imaginary world (of good and evil). 7. (In the original Star Wars), Luke Skywalker becomes a freedom fighter. 8. The heroes (in Luke Skywalker’s life) are Jedi knights. Subject Subject 9. Now each of the NBA games on Chinese television attracts millions of viewers. Subject 10. Ming’s popularity with Chinese fans has made him one of the most important athletes ever to play in the NBA. PRACTICE 9: Editing a Paragraph for Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement (page 17) Golf is no longer just a favorite sport of wealthy middle-aged businessmen or senior citizens. Young are people around the world is playing the game, and have is some of them has caused a lot of excitement. One of the young stars are Sergio Garcia, a fascinating golfer from Spain. Garcia was born in 1980 and PRACTICE 10: Correcting Sentence Fragments (page 19) X X X X started golfing at the age of three. He became a professional golfer in 1999 at the age of 19. Garcia caught the world’s attention by hitting a golf shot at a target from behind a tree with his eyes closed. Two other young golf stars are Michelle Wie and are Ryo Ishikawa. Both of them is quite different X work ˇ 3. City Year volunteers in the United States, England, and South Africa. they ˇ 4. For example, help elementary and middle school children with their homework. are ˇ 5. They role models for young children. City ˇ Year is 7. Is an excellent way for university students to learn from life experiences. they ˇ 8. At the end of their City Year, receive money to pay for their university tuition. PRACTICE 11: Editing a Paragraph to Correct Sentence Fragments (page 19) My best friend is Suzanne. We have known each She helped from the traditional golfer. Wie, born in Hawaii in other since childhood. Helped me in a very special 1989, is Korean-American. She shocked everyone It was Was very scary for me to go to a new school. w̌as by competing against men—and beating many of way. At the age of ten, I moved to a new town. them—at the age of fourteen. Today she is one I very shy. In fact, I was afraid to speak to anyone. of the world’s best female golfers. Ishikawa is a Suzanne asked me to eat lunch with her on my first professional Japanese golfer who was born in 1991. day. During the next several months, she helped In 2007, he became the youngest player ever to win me to adjust to life in school and out of school, a professional golf tournament in Japan. Each of too. Now Suzanne in Venezuela with her husband has ˇis his victories since then have shown his incredible and three children. We have not seen each other for athletic skill, and he has become a favorite with eight years. However, we stay in touch by email and fans. In 2011, after a terrible earthquake in Japan, on Facebook. Telephone each other at least once a Ishikawa impressed his fans once again by promising month. Suzanne changed my life. We will be friends to donate all of the money he earned that year to forever. are help the earthquake victims. Of course there is still older golfers who continue the traditions of the sport, but these three young athletes show how golf is changing. We telephone PRACTICE 12: Using Nouns and Verbs in Sentences (page 20) A Noun Verb bravery brave creation creativity creator create encouragement encourage enjoyment enjoy equality 1. equal 2. equalize length lengthen 1. modernism 2. modernization modernize transformation transform PRACTICE 1: Identifying Compound Nouns (page 33) something—Sentence 7 dining table—Sentence 8 bedroom—Sentence 9 meanwhile—Sentence 10 herself—Sentence 10 nobody—Sentence 13 cell phone—Sentence 14 nothing—Sentence 17 tea cups—Sentence 17 dinner plates—Sentence 17 PRACTICE 2: Forming Compound Nouns (page 33) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: Mother Earth, earthworm, earth science weekday, week night PRACTICE 3: Identifying Time-Order Signals (page 34) suddenly, then, at first B Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Steve jobs transformed the music industry with the Apple iPod. 2. J.K. Rowling created Harry Potter and changed the way young people feel about reading. 3. Thomas Alva Edison lengthened our days. He invented the electric light bulb. 4. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for equality of all people. 5. Pablo Picasso helped to make modernism a popular style of art in the early 20th century. Try It Out! (page 23) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 23) Answers will vary. CHAPTER 2 (pages 31–50) Questions about the Model (page 32) 1. The purpose of the narrative is to entertain readers with an exciting story. 2. 1, 7, 11, 18 3. suddenly in Sentence 4; at first in Sentence 5; then in Sentence 6; meanwhile in Sentence 10; at last in Sentence 12; then in sentence 14; and next in Sentence 16. PRACTICE 4: Using Time-Order Signals (page 35) A 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Then At the beginning of November, Meanwhile, Soon A week before Thanksgiving, Early in the morning, After that, About 2:00 in the afternoon, Finally, B 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. At 9:00 a.m., After our trip to the salon, Several hours before the party, At the beginning of the party, Next, Then Later, After that, Finally, PRACTICE 5: Arranging Sentences in Time Order (page 37) Group 1: 4, 2, 7, 5, 8, 1, 6, 3 Group 2: 8, 6, 5, 1, 3, 4, 2, 7 Group 3: 6, 3, 4, 9, 7, 5, 1, 8, 2 Try It Out! (page 38) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 6: Identifying the Main Purpose of a Narrative (page 38) 1. I 2. E 3. P PRACTICE 7: Writing According to Your Purpose (page 39) A 1, 2, 5 B To inform Questions about the Model (page 40) 1. two 2. He was truly generous when he gave the rice balls to the mice, and he did not ask for a lot in return. Practice 8: Identifying Compound Sentences (page 42) A Practice 9: Forming Compound Sentences (page 42) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. She heard a noise and decided to go back to her enclosure. 3. She walked for a long time, but she couldn’t find the road. 4. Finally, she became very tired and tried to rest, but her fear prevented her from sleeping. 5. Suddenly, a wolf appeared and looked at her hungrily. 6. She shouted for help, but no one heard her. 7. The wolf ate Blanchette, and the poor old man never saw his little goat again. 8. Blanchette wanted to be free, but she did not realize that freedom can be accompanied by danger. 2. , but (compound sentence) Practice 10: Writing Compound Sentences (page 43) 3. and (simple sentence) Answers will vary. 4. , and (compound sentence) 5. , so (a compound sentence) Try It Out! (page 44) Answers will vary. 7. and (simple sentence) 9. , or (compound sentence) 10. , but (compound sentence) 12. and (simple sentence) 13. , and (compound sentence) 14. , so (compound sentence) 15. , and (compound sentence) 16. , so (compound sentence) B 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. SS SS SS CS SS SS CS CS SS CS CS SS SS SS SS . . . sad, and . . . . . . rope, or . . . . . . rope, but . . . . . . decision, but . . . . . . mountains, so . . . Practice 11: Using Commas Correctly (page 44) A ˇ 2. Tomiko and Keiko are from Japan and Nina , and Daisy are from Mexico. ˇ 4. Last week the girls decided to have a joint , ˇ birthday party so they invited several friends , for dinner. ˇ 5. Nina wanted to cook Mexican food but , Keiko wanted to have Japanese food. ˇ 6. Finally they agreed on the menu. , ˇ 7. They served Japanese tempura Mexican , ˇ ˇ arroz con pollo Chinese stir-fried vegetables , , and American ice cream. ˇ 8. First Nina made the rice. , ˇ 10. After that Tomiko prepared the vegetables. , ˇ 11. After dinner Daisy served the dessert. , B Answers will vary. PRACTICE 12: Using Compound Nouns in Sentences (page 46) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 47) Answers will vary. CHAPTER 3 (pages 51–78) Practice 4: Writing Good Topic Sentences (page 58) Questions about the Model (page 52) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. There are a number of reasons that people do not eat breakfast. 3. Travelers who want to visit Grand Canyon National Park should plan their trip carefully. 1. taking a break / taking time off from work / relaxing 2. Relaxing has specific benefits. 3. summarizes the main points PRACTICE 1: Identifying and Forming Adjectives (page 53) A B Try It Out! (page 60) Answers will vary. 9. 10. 11. 12. positive wonderful regular healthy, additional Practice 5: Writing Main Points 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. beneficial creative energetic functional helpful productive readable studious stressful Practice 6: Using Example Signals (page61) Answers will vary. (page 63) 2. such as 3. For instance, Practice 7: Identifying Main Points and Examples (page 63) Example: Others play sports. Main Point: The next benefit is creativity. Example: Individuals with hobbies such as photography, travel, and music develop new talents and get ideas that they can use at school or in the office. Main Point: Finally, interests outside of work can lead to a positive attitude. Example: For instance, when volunteers help children learn to read, they feel wonderful about what they have achieved. Then they feel like working harder when they return to their regular responsibilities. Practice 2: Predicting Content from the Controlling Idea (page 55) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Types of jobs that are dangerous. Examples of the dangers of specific jobs. Reasons that some jobs are dangerous. 2. Examples of repetitive and boring jobs. Problems (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome and accidents) for workers who have repetitive and boring jobs. A narrative about a typical day at a repetitive and boring job. 3. Kinds of jobs that are perfect for college students. Examples of perfect jobs for college students. Reasons that a specific job is perfect for college students. A contrast between a job that is good for students and a job that is not good for students. Practice 3: Identifying Good Topic Sentences (page 55) A Check sentences 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 Too specific: 5, 7 Too general: 4, 11 B 2. a 3. c Practice 8: Identifying Effective Concluding Sentences (page 65) b Practice 9: Writing Effective Concluding Sentences (page 66) Answers will vary. Practice 10: Putting Sentences in the Correct Order (page 67) A 8, 3, 10, 9, 2, 6, 5, 4, 1, 7 B Main Point: The first type of game will allow you to relax quietly but will also keep your brain active. Example: For example, sudoku mentally challenges players to look for patterns with numbers. Example: Other brain games such as crossword puzzles, word search puzzles, and word jumbles require language skills. Main Point: Next, if you prefer spending time with others, there are games with a social element. Example: For instance, when you play checkers or chess or when you play cards with a group of friends, you are also developing personal relationships. Example: The same is true of board games such as Monopoly and Settlers of Catan, which have been bringing people together for friendly competition for decades. Main Point: Finally, there are games for people who like the idea of being on a team and enjoy physical activity. Example: The most obvious examples are sports such as basketball, baseball, and soccer, but party games such as charades can get quite physical as well. Concluding Sentence: Indeed, the wide variety of games offers something to just about everyone. Try It Out! (page 68) B 2. 3. 4. 5. adjective: mountainous adjective: smart adjective: helpful adjective: active adverb: typically adverb: carefully adverb: quickly adverb: quietly PRACTICE 12: Choosing between Adjective and Adverbs (page 71) economical specifically cheaply closely final intelligent possible beautiful wise significantly basic PRACTICE 13: Editing a Paragraph for Word Form Errors (page 71) Foodies love incredible meals, so they eat and ˇly drink adventurous on their vacations. In their global globally travels, they enthusiastically try the local cuisine. In addition to popular restaurants with professional chefs, they visit family restaurants and unusual bravely eat unusually foods in open-air markets. typical Another typically activity for food lovers is taking cooking classes. With their instructor, they shop for speical specially ingredients and watch demonstrations. Answers will vary. Then they skillfully use what they have learned. True Questions about the Model (page 69) 1. peaceful, sunny, and adventurous 2. typically 3. According to the paragraph, people like adventure travel for the chance to experience the unknown. They like experiences that are new and exciting. foodies usually do one final thing before the end of ˇly a trip. They careful put all of their new recipes in a ly ˇ safe place so that they can quick use them when they get home. Clearly, these travelers want good food Practice 11: Identifying Adjectives and Adverbs (page 70) both at home and on the road. A 2. Backpackers and trekkers typically visit mountainous areas (on a trip). PRACTICE 14: Using Adjectives (page 72) 3. Smart travelers carefully research and plan the details (of their departure and arrival). 4. Websites quickly provide helpful information (for vacationers). 5. Active travelers may sit and relax quietly (for part of their trip). A enjoyable reliable analytical specific negative useful direct cautious B Answers will vary. PRACTICE 15: Outlining an Academic Paragraph (page 75) A 1. Supporting Detail: for individuals who want physical challenges; e.g., scuba diving on The Great Barrier Reef, cross-country skiing in Yellowstone, and exploring the jungles of the Amazon by boat 2. Supporting Detail: for anyone who likes high levels of excitement and danger B. Main Point: Soft adventure still gives travelers an opportunity to have new and exciting experiences in beautiful locations, but it is usually less risky and more comfortable. 1. Supporting Detail: less danger in studying a language during a homestay but still thrilling 2. Supporting Detail: activities such as hot-air ballooning and bird watching for a fresh way to see the world B Topic Sentence: There are three kinds of bad drivers you see on the streets and highways of almost any country. A. Main Point: The first kind of bad driver is the aggressive driver who has big dreams of being a Grand Prix racer. 1. Supporting Detail: quick to leave when traffic light turns green 2. Supporting Detail: too fast; above the speed limit and always in the passing lane B. Main Point: The second kind of bad driver is the busy modern multitasker; e.g., working mothers and overworked businesspeople. 1. Supporting Detail: other activities while driving; e.g., eating, drinking coffee, talking on the phone, and disciplining children C. Main Point: The last kind is the cautious driver who drives extremely slowly and carefully. 1. Supporting Detail: No faster than 40 mph on highways; down to 30 mph on every curve 2. Supporting Detail: Almost completely stopped to make a turn Concluding Sentence: In conclusion, bad drivers can be speedsters, < slowsters,= or just inattentive motorists, but you have to watch out for all of them! CHAPTER 4 (pages 79–101) Questions about the Model (page 81) 1. three reasons, Sentence 2 (the topic sentence) 2. the first reason is (Sentence 3), that leads me to the second reason (Sentence 8), finally (Sentence 15) 3. examples and explanations PRACTICE 1: Identifying and Finding Synonyms (page 81) A 2. d 3. a 4. f 5. b 6. c 7. e B Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. business, firm 2. complex, difficult 3. helpful, useful 4. catastrophe, failure, ruin, tragedy 5. big, crucial, essential, key, major, significant, vital 6. charge, cost, fee PRACTICE 2: Recognizing Logical Division (page 83) PRACTICE 3: Outlining for Logical Division (page 84) A. Main Point: The first reason is that using a piece of plastic instead of cash makes shopping too easy. 1. Supporting Detail: buy unnecessary items 2. Supporting Detail: buy $75 pink sandals without enough money to pay for them B. Main Point: That leads me to the second reason I refuse to have a credit card. I would end up owing money. 1. Supporting Detail: buy a lot like shopaholic Sara 2. Supporting Detail: have a big debt like Sara; now $4,000 in debt 3. Supporting Detail: be in debt for years if monthly interest charges are higher than minimum monthly payments C. Main Point: I avoid using credit because I have difficulty understanding credit card agreements. 1. Supporting Detail: difficult legal vocabulary 2. Supporting Detail: fine print—small type with important details 3. Supporting Detail: late fees or higher interest rates Concluding Sentence: To sum up, credit cards may be convenient for some people, but for me, they are a plastic ticket to financial disaster. Try It Out! (page 84) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 4: Editing Paragraphs for Unity (page 85) PRACTICE 7: Editing a Paragraph for Consistency (page 89) Young people who are interested in fashion buyers Paragraph 1: Teenagers have a surprising amount of money to spend, so advertisers research teenage fads and fashions. may want to consider working as a buyer for retail Paragraph 2: Some people believe that cookies will damage their computers, but this is not true. and large chain stores. They look for and choose the stores. Retail buyers work for department stores stores merchandise to sell in the store. Retail buyers often PRACTICE 5: Editing Paragraphs for Coherence (page 86) specialize in one type of merchandise, such as men’s Paragraph 1 Move: In 2007, the iPhone achieved great success, especially because of the variety of apps that were available for it. To follow: One year later, in 2003, BlackBerry further developed smart phone technology. casual clothing or women’s shoes. You choose the Paragraph 2 Move: Like a friend, he asks how you are and listens attentively as you tell him about your life. To follow: The first type of salesperson is the one who pretends to be your best friend. PRACTICE 6: Identifying Consistent Use of Nouns and Pronouns (page 88) Part-time jobs are beneficial for students in a number of ways. First, of course, they provide much needed income. They make it possible for students not only to pay their bills but also to have extra spending money for clothing and entertainment. Next, part-time jobs offer valuable experience. Students who have them quickly learn the importance of being responsible, following directions, and working as members of a team. Some part-time jobs can also teach useful skills such as basic accounting or database management. Finally, having part-time jobs while going to school teaches students how to become efficient. Working students must learn to balance their schedules so that they are able to complete their academic assignments and keep up with the duties of their jobs. All in all, part-time employment has significant advantages for students. They they their merchandise that you think will sell well in your their stores and appeal to your customers. Buyers also travel to trade shows and fashion shows to look at They merchandise. He or she will purchase products about six months before the merchandise appears in the They stores. You need to be able to predict fashion trends, understand retail sales, and work cooperatively with managers in sales, advertising, and marketing. PRACTICE 8: Comparing Two Paragraphs for Coherence (page 92) A Paragraph 2 is more coherent. It has transition signals to connect ideas. It also repeats key nouns and uses synonyms such as female-women and shoppers-customers. Clothing store owners who understand the B differences between male and female shoppers can use this knowledge to design their stores effectively. Female customers use their five senses when they shop. For example, women want to touch and feel fabrics and see themselves in clothes. Because of women’s shopping style, owners of women’s clothing stores place the latest fashions and clothes with luxury fabrics near the entrance. Furthermore, they put items near one another to allow women to visualize how several items will look together as an outfit. They also group clothes not by item type but by style—classic or casual, for instance. Most men,on the other hand, go shopping out of necessity. They buy clothes only when they have to. Men get a pair of jeans because their old ones have worn out. They probably want to buy exactly the same type of jeans. Moreover, men prefer to buy at a store that has everything in its place. They like all shirts together over here and all pants together over there. This way, they can purchase what they need quickly and leave the store. You can see that men’s clothing stores are arranged very differently from women’s for good reason. PRACTICE 9: Using Transition Signals for Similar Ideas (page 93) 2. , and 3. Similarly, 4. also PRACTICE 10: Using Transition Signals for Logical Division of Ideas and Examples (page 94) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A second strategy For example, Then Finally, such as PRACTICE 13: Editing a Paragraph to Correct Run-ons and Comma Splices (page 98) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: There are three main reasons why advertisers target young people. First of all, advertisers know that individuals in the 18–to–34 age group do a lot of consumer spending. When young people go to college and start to live on their own, for example, they have to buy many basics. For school, they need books, computer equipment, and other items. For the home, they need furniture, kitchen appliances, and ˇO dishes. of course they may also want a luxury item such as a television. A second reason to target young shoppers is that they tend to be more impressionable ˇT than older adults. therefore, they are easier to influence. Advertisers use young people’s concern ˇT about the cool factor= to sell them products. they know that young adults often make purchases to keep up with the latest styles. Finally, advertisers focus on young consumers because 18-to-34-year-olds and ˇ have a lifetime of buying ahead of them, advertisers PRACTICE 11: Using Various Transition Signals for Coherence want them to become loyal to a brand. If consumers (page95) 2. For example 3. however 4. Next 5. so 6. such as 7. also 8. Finally 9. To sum up buy a product and grow attached to it when they PRACTICE 12: Correcting Run-ons and Comma Splices (page 97) very hard to get them to buy their products now and Answers will vary. Possible answers include: X X X X are young, they are likely to continue to buy it throughout their lifetimes. Building brand loyalty is I ˇ. it works for all kinds of an important advertising tool products from small items like running shoes to large purchases such as cars. In short, young adults may not have a great deal of money, but advertisers work in the future. 3. At many schools, students must pay high tuition fees. Textbooks cost a lot, too. Practice 14: Using Near Synonyms to Avoid Repetition (page 99) 4. Saving money is not easy. It takes careful planning. A young shoppers (A second reason to target young shoppers . . . ) young adults (. . . young adults often make purchases . . . ) young consumers (Finally, advertisers focus on young consumers . . . ) 5. First, you make a budget, and then you follow it carefully. 7. Last month, my credit card bills were high. I owed more than $700. B Answers will vary. CHAPTER 5 (pages 102–120) PRACTICE 6: Identifying the Audience (page 109) Questions about the Model (page104) 1. As an experienced student, I know that it is easier to make a good impression on your course instructors if you follow these fundamental steps. The words if you follow these fundamental steps lets readers know that the paragraph will explain a process. 2. First, before you go to class, do all of the assigned reading and homework. Second, arrive for class a few minutes early. Next, participate actively throughout the lesson. Finally, when the class meeting ends, remain seated. 3. It gives the positive result of following the steps in the process. The information helps show the purpose of the paragraph. A Answers will vary. Possible answers include: The intended audience for the model paragraph is students who need tips for success in school. They could be students who have not been getting good grades or new students. The topic sentence specifically states that the writer is an experienced student who has been in school and knows how to get good grades. Along with each step in the paragraph, the writer gives details that provide the kind of information that students with problems or new students might need. B The intended audience is new international students. Circled text: you and your classmates . . . put everything into your bag or backpack . . . Even if it is your first emergency situation PRACTICE 1: Identifying and Forming Phrasal Verbs (page 104) A clear up—Sentence 18 going on—Sentence 7 jump at—Sentence 12 keep up—Sentence 4 speak up—Sentence 13 turn off—Sentence 8 B 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. break down fall through mix up wipe out drop in PRACTICE 2: Writing Topic Sentences for Process Paragraphs (page 106) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 3: Identifying and Using Time-Order Signals (page 107) A first—Sentence 3; second—Sentence 5; next—Sentence 9; finally—Sentence 15 B 2. 3. 4. 5. Second, The third step Finally To sum up, PRACTICE 4: Arranging Supporting Sentences in Time Order (page 108) Group 1: 2, 7, 4, 1, 6, 5, 8, 3 Group 2: 1, 6, 8, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7 PRACTICE 5: Stating the Purpose in Concluding Sentences (page 109) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 110) Answers will vary. Questions about the Model (page 111) 1. simple 2. sentences 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 3. two SV combinations connected by before PRACTICE 7: Identifying and Analyzing Complex Sentences (page114) A Sentences 1, 3, 15 B 2. It is usually impossible to get a response right away because professors are very busy people. 3. If you have not received an answer within ˇ two business days you should send a second email. , ˇ 4. After you have received a helpful response send a follow-up email to thank the , professor. 5. Check your school email regularly since your instructors may send out important notices. 6. Whenever you see the word test in the subject line of an emailˇ you had better pay attention. , 7. Do not be absent on the day of a test unless CHAPTER 6 (pages 121–147) you have received permission from your Questions about the Model (page 123) instructor. 8. The students were silent as the professor handed out their test. 9. The students worked on the test problems until the teacher told them to stop. 1. courage 2. the quality of being brave in a dangerous or difficult situation 3. the writer gives the origin of courage and explains how the origin is connected to the meaning of the word; the writer also gives examples of courageous people 10. As soon as the instructor told them to stop ˇ writing they put down their pencils. , ˇ 11. After the teacher collected the tests she dismissed the class. , ˇ 12. Before she left she promised to post their , test scores in the grade book of their course website. PRACTICE 8: Writing Complex Sentences (page 115) A 2. f 3. a 4. e 5. d 6. b You will not be late for early morning classes if you follow several time-efficient steps. Begin the process by deciding what to wear the next day before you go to bed at night. Then get out of bed in the morning as soon as your alarm clock rings instead of sleeping an extra five or ten minutes. You should keep your alarm as far from your bed as possible because it will force you to get up and stay up. Then when you are in the shower, stick to a two-minute limit to save not only water but also time. The final step requires you to bring your breakfast to class unless your professor has rules against food in the classroom. B Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 115) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 9: Using Phrasal Verbs in Sentences (page 117) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 1: Exploring a Word’s History (page 123) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Astro means star.= 2. An astronaut travels in space (to the stars). Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars. An aster is a star-shaped flower. 3. Naut means ship.= 4. The words are all related to ships, sailors, and water. An astronaut is a traveler / sailor in a spaceship. A nautilus is a type of sea animal. Nautical an adjective that means relating to ships and sailors.= PRACTICE 2: Learning the Meaning of Idioms (page 124) go the distance—Sentence 4 put everything on the line—Sentence 9 from head to toe—Sentence 18 go to pieces—Sentence 18 in my book—Sentence 20 PRACTICE 3: Choosing a Topic Sentence for a Definition Paragraph (page 125) b PRACTICE 4: Completing Topic Sentences for Definition Paragraphs (page 126) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 5: Identifying the Kind of Support in a Definition Paragraph (page 126) Supporting sentences: It is also called a USB drive, thumb drive, jump drive, or pen drive. No matter what it is called, the device is the same. A flash drive is similar to a small computer hard drive. However, it has no moving parts, and it can be easily removed and carried in a pocket, in a bag, or on a keychain. A flash drive usually connects to a computer through a USB port and comes in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. c PRACTICE 6: Choosing Concluding Sentences for a Definition Paragraph PRACTICE 8: Identifying and Punctuating Adjective Clauses (page 127) d (page132) NI 2. Before Christianity existed, people in Try It Out! (page 128) northern and central Europe worshiped a goddess whom they called Eostre. Answers will vary. Questions about the Model (page 129) Sentence 3: No Rooz, Iranian New Year, which begins on the first day of spring, is one of these. The underlined which clause gives extra information about Iranian New Year. Sentence 5: On a special table, they display seven foods with names that start with the letter s in Persian, the language of Iran. The underlined that clause gives necessary information about the seven foods on the Iranian New Year table. 2. Persian is the language of Iran. The comma indicates that a definition or explanation of Persian follows. 3. Iranian New Year and Halloween both have a connection to nature. Iranian New Year is on the first day of spring. Halloween began hundreds of years ago as a celebration of the end of the farming season in Ireland and England. PRACTICE 7: Identifying and Punctuating Appositives (page 131) NI 3. In the movie, Bill Murray is meteorologist Phil Connors. EI 4. Phil Connors has to go to Punxsutawneyˇ , a small town in the mountains of western Pennsylvania. EI 5. On February 2, Punxsutawney has a ˇ celebration for Groundhog Day an old , mid-winter holiday. NI 6. Phil Connors and his coworker Rita plan to stay in Punxsutawney for just 24 hours. EI 7. The worst kind of winter weather, a ˇ blizzard forces Phil and Rita to remain in , Punxsutawney. EI 8. ˇ Romantic comedies funny movies about , ˇ love always have a happy ending, and , Phil and Rita’s February 2 story does, too. EI 3. Eostreˇwhich means eastˇwas the goddess , , of spring. NI 4. Every spring, people who worshiped her held a festival to give thanks for the return of the sun’s warmth. NI 5. They offered the goddess cakes that they baked for the festival. NI 6. These cakes were very similar to the hot cross buns that bakeries now sell at Easter. EI 7. Also, the custom of coloring eggsˇwhich , families do at Easterˇ came from ancient , cultures. EI 8. Even the popular Easter Bunnyˇ who brings , chocolate eggs and other candy to children ˇ on Easter Sunday has pagan roots. , PRACTICE 9: Writing Complex Sentences with Subject Pronouns (page 134) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. Many Christians do not eat certain foods during Lent, which is the six-week period before Easter Sunday. 3. People who practice the Hindu religion cannot eat beef. 4. Muslims and Jews cannot eat pork, which is considered unclean. 5. Muslims cannot eat or drink at all in the daytime during Ramadan, which is a holy month of fasting. 6. The festival, which follows the end of Ramadan, lasts for three days. PRACTICE 10: Writing Complex Sentences with Object Pronouns (page 136) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: A 2. The special food that Koreans eat on Chuseok includes songpyun rice cakes. 3. Kimchi, which Koreans prepare with cabbage, other vegetables, and spices, is also part of a typical Chuseok meal. 4. The traditional activities that Koreans have for Chuseok show the importance of family in Korean culture. B Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. The name of the festival is Loy Krathong, which English speakers translate as Festival of the Floating Leaf Cups= or Festival of Lights.= 3. Thais float little boats, which they have made out of banana leaves, lotus, or paper, down a river in the evening. 4. The Loy Krathong boats, which Thais have decorated with lighted candles, incense, coins, and flowers, float on the water in the moonlight. 5. Thais want the wish that they have made with their boat to come true. who solar year. Emperor Julius Caesar, whom ruled Rome more than 2,000 years ago, came up with the idea ˇ for leap year. The Julian calendar which was named , after him, was very accurate but not quite exact enough. It had too many leap days. The problem was finally solved in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced a new calendar. The Gregorian calendar PRACTICE 11: Writing Complex Sentences with When or Where (page138) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. The Cinco de Mayo holiday commemorates the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862, when the Mexican army defeated the invading French army. 2. The spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs in March, when daytime and nighttime are approximately equal in length. 3. On the Fourth of July, Americans go to places where they can get great views of traditional fireworks shows. 4. Rio de Janeiro, where millions of people celebrate Carnaval each year, is famous for its beaches, its mountains, and its music. PRACTICE 12: Editing a Paragraph to Correct Adjective Clauses (page140) A leap year occurs in those years when we add a leap day to February. In a leap year, February has 29 adds uses a formula that add leap days, but only in certain years. The years must have numbers that they can be evenly divided by four. However, years ending in 00= are leap years only if they can be evenly divided by 400. Thus, the year 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 were. Italy, where Portugal, Poland, and Spain, which the Catholic Church had great influence, were the first to adopt the Gregorian calendar. Today, it is a widely used calendar that still has an effective leap year formula. PRACTICE 13: Writing Complex Sentences with Adjective Clauses (page 140) Answers will vary. days instead of 28. We add a leap day because a solar Try It Out! (page 141) which year, that is the actual time it takes for the Earth to Answers will vary. travel around the sun, is different from a calendar Practice 14: Using Word Origins and Idioms (page 142) study year. According to scientists who studies the Earth’s movement, it takes 365.242199 days for our planet to make one full revolution around the sun. The Gregorian calendar, which people throughout most of the world use, has a 365-day year. By adding an A Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Economist comes from a Greek word that means manager of the house.= 2. In Homer’s Odyssey, a man named Mentor was an advisor, and today a mentor is an experienced person who advises a less experienced person. 3. Robot comes from the Czech word robota, which means work.= B Answers will vary. extra day nearly every four years, the Gregorian Try It Out! (page 144) calendar leaps forward and stays in line with the Answers will vary. CHAPTER 7 (pages 148–170) Questions about the Model (page 149) 1. There are three important causes for the success of Vélib’. The focus is on causes. 2. Sentence 3: First, Paris leaders planned carefully to avoid missteps. Sentence 8: Second, the Paris government made Vélib’ bikes affordable for riders with the cooperation of a large advertising company. Sentence 11: Finally, Vélib’ has been successful because of effective publicity. 3. a cause PRACTICE 1: Identifying the Meaning of Prefixes + Base Words (page 150) 2. inescapable / not able to escape, not able to avoid or get away from 3. misunderstand / wrong understanding 4. outgrow / grow and exceed the size of something (e.g., clothing) 5. preexisting / exist before 6. readjust / adjust again, make additional changes 7. subconscious / below consciousness, not aware, not realizing 8. uninvolved / not involved, not participating PRACTICE 2: Writing Topic Sentences (page 153) Paragraph 1: a Paragraph 2: d PRACTICE 3: Outlining a Cause / Effect Paragraph (page 155) A. Main Point (Effect): The most obvious benefit has been the increase in activity among people of all ages. 1. Supporting Detail: excellent exercise from bikes 2. Supporting Detail: better health and well-being B. Main Point (Effect): Users of Vélib’ also report another positive effect of the bike sharing program. They say they experience more day-today enjoyment. 1. Supporting Detail: more time outdoors 2. Supporting Detail: enjoyment of Parisian architecture, art, parks, and street life C. Main Point (Effect): Bike riders in Paris praise Vélib’ for its socializing effects. 1. Supporting Detail: bond between cyclists; help from experienced to inexperienced riders 2. Supporting Detail: greeting and chatting 3. Supporting Detail: less crowding on trains and buses with other angry commuters Concluding Sentence: In conclusion, Parisians hope that Vélib’ will result in fewer cars and less pollution in the future, but for now they are enjoying the positive effects that the bike sharing program has already produced. PRACTICE 4: Editing a Cause / Effect Paragraph for Unity and Coherence (page 156) Move: The most obvious effect is that rooftop gardens make any city more beautiful and livable, whether they are seen up close, from skyscrapers above, or from the city streets below. To follow: Rooftop gardens are badly needed green spaces that have many positive effects on urban neighborhoods. Cross out: However, rooftop gardens require careful planning. / A number of local governments have developed plans to fight air pollution. PRACTICE 5: Adding Details to Cause/ Effect Support (page 157) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 6: Writing Concluding Sentences (page 158) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 159) Answers will vary. Questions about the Model (page 161) 1. consequently in Sentence 5, as a result in Sentence 8, thus in Sentence 10 other instances: as a result in Sentence 13, thus in Sentence 14; the words are used to introduce the beneficial effects of precycling or take steps to make new products from old products. 3. The writer’s apartment is more livable. Because she doesn’t have glass, plastic, paper, and metal to recycle, there is more space for her. She can feel comfortable in her small apartment. PRACTICE 7: Using Cause / Effect Transition Signals for Coherence (page163) Paragraph 1 2. so 3. since 4. Therefore 5. because of ˇso take care of many of their banking needs they go , to the bank less often. As a result of using online services, they do not spend time traveling to the bank or standing in line when they get there. Finally, online banking is safe. Since many customers fear ˇt becoming victims of identity theft. They want to be Paragraph 2 1. so 2. due to 3. Because 4. Consequently 5. for , able to check their account balances regularly from home. They use online banking to make sure their money is still in their account and not in the hands ˇ of cyber criminals. Because of factors like these. o Online banking is on the rise. PRACTICE 8: Combining Sentences with Cause / Effect Signals (page 164) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 3. Sunlight produces vitamin D, so we need sunlight for a healthy body. 4. Vitamin D is important because of its role in bone development. 5. Sunlight affects the human body clock. As a result, regular exposure to the sun helps people sleep better. 6. Some psychologists recommend spending time in the sun, for sunshine makes their patients feel happier. 7. Due to a decrease in sunlight in winter, Seasonal Affective Disorder, SAD, affects people in many parts of the world. 8. Since people spend time outdoors on sunny days, they are more likely to be physically active and get the exercise the need. 9. The warmth of the sun relieves minor aches and pains. Consequently, there is an added benefit to sunshine. PRACTICE 9: Editing a Paragraph to Correct Sentence Structure (page 166) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: It is easy to understand why people are changing from their traditional banking to online banking. First, customers decide to manage their money b online. Because banks offer them special rewards in return. For example, some banks reduce their fees or give cash back when people change from paper to T . online services,ˇtherefore, customers eagerly make the switch. Second, online banking is becoming more popular because it saves time. Online customers can use a mobile phone or computer to , PRACTICE 10: Using Words with Prefixes (page 167) Answers will vary. CHAPTER 8 (pages 171–196) Questions about the Model (page 173) 1. Topic sentence: To understand 21st century education, let’s examine the similarities and differences between the schools of 50 years ago and the schools of today. Topic: changes in education Controlling idea: there are similarities and differences between schools of 50 years ago and the schools of today 2. areas of study then and now, methods of teaching and learning then and now, and the purpose of education then and now; the author explains each of the points by comparing and contrasting education—that is, presenting similarities and differences between—today and 50 years ago 3. There are two sentences in the conclusion: 19In summary, education in the 21st century is firmly rooted in the basics of traditional education from the 1950s and 1960s. 20However, modern education has expanded what students learn, how they learn it, and why. 4. The writer uses many transitions signals for coherence such as first (Sentence 2), next (Sentence 6), and finally (Sentence 11), which signal the main points of the paragraph. Signals such as the same (Sentence 13), however (Sentence 14), and in contrast (Sentence 16) are also important for coherence because they show the similarities and differences in schools of 50years ago and the schools of today. PRACTICE 1: Identifying and Finding Antonyms (page 174) A 2. f 3. e 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. d B Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 2. cease, end, stop 3. contract, lessen, shrink 4. lesser, minor, small 5. fake, false, imaginary 6. abbreviated, brief, short PRACTICE 2: Writing Topic Sentences (page 177) Paragraph 1: c Paragraph 2: a PRACTICE 3: Identifying Point-byPoint and Block Paragraphs (page 179) Paragraph 1: Point-by-Point Paragraph 2: Block PRACTICE 4: Arranging a Comparison/ Contrast Paragraph in Logical Order (page 179) 7, 4, 10, 6, 11, 2, 8, 5, 9, 1, 3 PRACTICE 5: Writing Concluding Sentences (page 180) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 181) Answers will vary for block or point-by-point organization and the outline. Questions about the Model (page 182) 1. 1, 2, 13 2. The topic sentence is Sentence 2. It indicates that the paragraph will discuss mostly differences. 3. although in Sentence 2, but in Sentence 4, but in Sentence 5, and whereas in Sentence 6. PRACTICE 7: Combining Ideas with Comparison Signals (page 186) Answers will vary. Possible answers are: 2. English language movies appear in theaters worldwide. English is commonly used on the Internet, too. 3. British English has become an international language. Similarly, American English is now heard in locations around the globe. 4. Just as English is the language spoken in Britain and the United States, English is the language spoken in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. 5. More than 350 million people speak English as their first language. Likewise, millions of people speak English as an additional language. PRACTICE 8: Writing Sentences with Comparison Signals (page 186) Answers will vary. Possible answers are: 2. Knowing a second language is useful not only for travel but also for employment. 3. Like Latin, the Greek language is the origin of many English words. 4. Loan words such as mosquito, patio, and plaza have the same spelling in English and Spanish. 5. Both word knowledge and cultural experience play a role in language learning. PRACTICE 9: Using Contrast Signals (page 189) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 10: Writing Sentences with Contrast Signals (page 190) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 11: Using Antonyms (page190) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 191) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 193) PRACTICE 6: Using Parallelism with Comparison Signals (page 185) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. negatives end with special punctuation difficult for academic English effectively Answers will vary. CHAPTER 9 (pages 198–221) PRACTICE 7: Outlining an Essay Questions about the Model (page 200) 1. Just like words, body language is an important and effective form of communication. Therefore, anyone who intends to live, work, or study in another country should learn the body language of that culture. 2. The topic sentence of each body paragraph is the first sentence of the paragraph. Body Paragraph 1 focuses on communication through the human face. Body Paragraph 2 focuses on communication through gestures of the head, shoulders, arms, and hands. Body Paragraph 3 focuses on communication through physical contact, or the lack of it. 3. Each body paragraph is introduced by a transition word: first (Body Paragraph 1), another important means of communicating (Body Paragraph 2), and in addition to (Body Paragraph 3). 4. The essay uses logical division of ideas. PRACTICE 1: Comparing Formal and Everyday Vocabulary (page 201) 2. e 3. a 4. g 5. b 6. c 7. h 8. f PRACTICE 2: Writing Funnel Introductions (page 204) Paragraph 1: 4, 3, 2, 1 Paragraph 2: 4, 1, 3, 2 Paragraph 3: 3, 1, 2 PRACTICE 3: Writing Topic Sentences for Body Paragraphs (page 205) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 4: Identifying Concluding Paragraphs (page 206) Essay 2: 2 Essay 3: 2 Essay 4: 1 PRACTICE 5: Using Transition Signals between Body Paragraphs (page 210) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 3. Furthermore 4. In addition to 5. Moreover 6. On the other hand PRACTICE 6: Adding Transition Signals to Topic Sentences (page 212) Answers will vary. (page214) ... II. A. 1. b. In Asian countries, faces reveal less emotion, less quickly ... II. A. 2. b. Direct eye contact if interested; unblinking eyes if bored, distracted, angry, or defensive II. A. 2. c. In Latin America, looking down used for respect II. B. The gestures that people make with their heads, shoulders, arms, and hands are another important means of communicating. Turkey is an insult ... II. C. 1. a. Like personal space around them ... II. C. 2. b. Rarely hold hands Practice 8: Grouping Ideas Logically (page 217) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 218) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 9: Using Formal Vocabulary (page 218) 1. 2. provides 3. typically 4. significant 5. estimate 6. somewhat various regarding determine serves sufficient extended CHAPTER 10 (pages 222–239) PRACTICE 4: Writing Reasons to Support an Opinion (page 229) Questions about the Model (page 224) Answers will vary. 1. The writer’s opinion about homeschooling appears in the last sentence of the introduction: Although it may not be the best option for all students and all families, I am in favor of homeschooling for three reasons. Based on this thesis statement, the reader can expect three body paragraphs. 2. The writing model contains three body paragraphs. The topic sentence of each body paragraph is the first sentence of the paragraph. Each body paragraph is introduced by a transition word: first of all (Body Paragraph 1), the second reason that (Body Paragraph 2), and finally (Body Paragraph 3). 3. Body Paragraph 3 has a concluding sentence: As a result of the education that his parents gave him, my friend is now a well-balanced individual who knows how to be an adult and still have fun. 4. The concluding paragraph acknowledges the opposing view and then summarizes the benefits of homeschooling. It ends with a call to action. Try It Out! (page 230) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 5: Punctuating Quotations (page 231) 2. not spend enough time reading and developing other academic skills.” 3. experienced effective styles computer local counselors individual B 2. percentage 3. community 4. skills PRACTICE 2: Analyzing Thesis Statements for Opinion Essays (page226) A The writer is in favor of homeschooling. The contrast signal that connects the writer’s opinion to the opposing point of view is although. B but PRACTICE 3: Writing Thesis Statements for Opinion Essays (page227) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 228) Answers will vary. “My research indicates that nearly 50% of children ages five to eight have a television in ˇ their bedroom,” Prof. Thompson reported. 4. “What is happening to family relationships when children are spending a great deal of time alone, in front of a television?” Prof. Thompson asked. 5. PRACTICE 1: Identifying and Using Collocations (page 225) A 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. “As a resultˇ,” he addedˇ, “most young children do “In addition to watching television, children as young as age three and a half are now using ˇ H , ˇ The professor asked “how can children get the computers on a regular basis” he continued. 6. , educational benefits of television and computers without suffering the negative effects of too much technology?” PRACTICE 6: Identifying Supporting Details (page 232) 1. statistics 2. examples and quotations 3. examples Try It Out! (page 233) Answers will vary. PRACTICE 7: Using Collocations (page235) Answers will vary. Try It Out! (page 236) Answers will vary.