2019 International Practice Overview

2019 International Practice Exam MCQ AP Psych A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example? Egocentrism Which of the following types of intelligence is most clearly demonstrated by an individual's knowledge of facts? Crystallized The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as Reciprocal Determinism For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience? Set-Point Theory A few people witness an assault. Before the police arrive, one witness confidently tells the others that the assailant was wearing a green shirt, though in fact the shirt was blue. Later, when the police interview each witness individually, almost all of them state that they remember a green shirt. The memory error is referred to as The Misinformation Effect James makes a lot of money by lying to people in order to get them to invest in his company. James believes he is important and immune to prosecution, and he does not care about the people he takes money from. These characteristics are most associated with which of the following personality disorders Narcissistic Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains Adrian's desire to do dangerous activities? Arousal Jerome does not like his English teacher, and he believes that the teacher thinks that he is not a good student. As a result, Jerome slouches at his desk and gazes out the window instead of paying attention in class. Jerome's behavior is most representative of A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Rocio is continually learning new skills and gaining insights into herself. Although she is not experiencing any distress, she chooses to see a therapist. This primary emphasis on growth is most reflective of which of the following perspectives? Humanistic People who play slot machines in gambling casinos usually exhibit steady, rapid rates of responding. This is because most games of chance use what schedule of reinforcement? Variable-Ratio After a lengthy interview, Dr. Richard decides that the preferred treatment for Maurice is systematic desensitization. Which of the following is Dr. Richard's most likely diagnosis of Maurice? Specific Phobia When Lois looks at her wedding pictures, she has vivid memories of the early years of her marriage. The pictures serve as Retrieval Cues Danny pushes Judy so he can steal her dessert. Which of the following best explains Danny's aggressive behavior? Instrumental Aggression A person with a severe head injury subsequently acts irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively, and is easy to anger. Which of the following brain areas is most likely injured? Frontal Lobe When Jaci works on a project alone, she puts in a lot of effort and meets deadlines. However, when she works on a project in a group, she rarely attends scheduled meetings and always misses the deadline when submitting the part of the project she is responsible for completing. Jaci's behavior is best explained by Social Loafing Makayla and Noah are listening to a song that ends with all the instruments playing the same note. Makayla can distinguish the Makayla is better at discriminating timbre than Noah. 1/7 various instruments playing the note, while Noah cannot. Which of the following best explains their perceptual differences? A person uses the availability heuristic to Make a decision quickly by using the first information that comes to mind. A major university develops an assessment that is meant to provide data on whether potential students will be successful at the university level. If there is a relationship between the results of the assessment and student success, that will best indicate that the assessment has Predictive Validity Annie experiences disorganized thinking and communicates with people who do not exist. Which of the following is the most likely classification of Annie's problems? Schizophrenia Annie experiences disorganized thinking and communicates with people who do not exist. Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used to treat Annie's problems? Antipsychotic medication According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following is a parenting style that, among children raised in the United States, is most closely associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence? Authoritative Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition? Dizziness and loss of balance. Sara had an argument with her coworker, Adam. That night, Sara had a dream that she was shopping at a mall and Adam was in every store in which she shopped. A psychoanalyst would say that Adam's being at the mall in her dream was an example of which of the following? The Manifest Content Which of the following is a response acquired through classical conditioning? A woman's stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime. Dr. Zoey believes that major depressive disorder is caused by neurotransmitter abnormalities and is most effectively treated with medication. Which of the following is a treatment approach that Dr. Zoey most likely supports? Biomedical Which of the following statements correctly matches a physiological change with its corresponding stage of development? Decrease in sex hormones in late adulthood. Doug is part of a large creative-design team at an advertising firm. The team comes up with many slogans for products. Some are successful; some are failures. Whenever the team comes up with a winner, Doug takes full responsibility and talks about how much of a role he played in the team's success. When slogans are not effective, he denies having a big role in the project. Doug is most clearly demonstrating A Self-Serving Bias There are four aces in a 52-card deck of playing cards. Prior to drawing a card from the deck, Mary Alice estimates the chance that she will draw an ace and win a prize. Over a series of trials, she did not draw an ace, so she replaced the card she had drawn, shuffled the deck, and drew a card. The graph above shows her estimates of how likely it was that she would draw an ace on the next trial. The pattern of Mary Alice's thinking reflects what psychological phenomenon? Gambler's Fallacy Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the second group of participants recalls Semantic Encoding 2/7 more words than the first group. This study shows the importance of The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of which of the following types of tests? Projective The results depicted in the graph above support which of the following perspectives on the origins of abnormal behavior? Sociocultural A test author most interested in ensuring that individuals receive similar scores on a personality test every time they take it is attempting to increase which of the following? Reliability Which of the following is the best evidence that environment plays a role in intelligence? Identical twins reared together are more similar than identical twins reared apart. Which of the following theorists suggested that intelligence can be classified into general and specific intelligence factors? Charles Spearman Which of the following statements is true of Hermann Ebbinghaus He memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables and his research? to document memory decay. Which of the following neurotransmitters has been most associated with major depressive disorder? Serotonin Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities? Neuroplasticity In a recent report, a developmental psychologist who studied peer pressure in middle schools obtained data from a large, representative sample of adolescents across the United States. This research most likely involved a Survey Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of Conservation Zeke is attempting to learn more about his world. When he encounters a new object, he picks it up and puts it in his mouth. Zeke is most likely in which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? Sensorimotor Which of the following best reflects an external attribution? Marcy concludes she did poorly on her exam because it was unfair. An illusory correlation is best defined as a perceived relationship where one does not exist. In Stanley Milgram's experiments, which of the following concepts is a possible explanation for participants' willingness to apply increasingly intense shocks to a confederate in the other room? Foot-In-The-Door Participants were asked to rate the importance of achieving honor-roll status. Researchers found that students from smaller families rated the importance more highly than students from larger families. The research team concluded that a student's attitude toward school achievement is the result of family size. Which of the following is the most important error made by the research team? Assuming that correlation proves causation. Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as Exhaustion 3/7 One day, during a therapy session, the client suddenly began acting angrily toward the therapist with no provocation. A psychodynamically oriented therapist would describe this behavior as which of the following? Transference Which of the following theories proposes that motivational states are controlled by external stimuli? Incentive A man sustains a head injury. After the injury, he is able to tie his shoes, but he does not recall where he lives. Which aspect of the man's memory is intact and which aspect is dysfunctional, respectively? Procedural and Semantic Cognitive psychologists are most likely to use which method of treatment with their clients? Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Which of the following is the best example of the cognitive process Having learned that his family pet is a dog, William sees a neighJean Piaget called assimilation? bor's cat and says, "Dog!" Parkinson's disease is most closely associated with decreases in levels of dopamine. Which of the following is a parasympathetic nervous system response Increased Digestion Being able to perform a task so well that the performance becomes automatic is most likely a result of Overlearning Most intelligence tests are normed such that the mean score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. Therefore, the discovery of the Flynn effect leads one to conclude that IQ tests should be renormed at periodic intervals. Lewis Terman's studies of gifted children indicated that They generally demonstrate above-average emotional stability and social satisfaction in adulthood. Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of Generalization Jeff lives in the United States, and he recently flew to Spain. Even after sleeping for several hours on the flight, he still felt lethargic for a few days. If Jeff has not caught an illness, which of the following is the most likely explanation for his physical response? His circadian rhythm has been disrupted. Dr. Jones is conducting research to determine if IQ changes with age. The research design includes three groups of participants. Group 1 consists of 10 year olds, group 2 of 15 year olds, and group 3 of 25 year olds. Dr. Jones gives an IQ test to all three groups to determine the average IQ of each group. The design of the research is Cross-Sectional The self-actualizing tendency is most associated with which of the following personality perspectives? Humanistic Which of the following is true of how the human eye detects the color red? It relies on only cones. Belinda exhibits diminished pleasure in her daily activities, significant weight loss, insomnia, fatigue, and feelings of excessive guilt. Belinda's problems are most consistent with which of the following disorders? Major Depressive In data set A, the mean is 11 In data set A, the mean is 4 Using the data in sets A and B, which of the following statements is true? Set B has a smaller standard deviation than set A. Clinical researchers are interested in gaining insight into the causes of abnormal behavior. One way that they do this is to delve deeply into the histories of patients with a common diagnosis, interviewing family, friends, teachers, therapists, physicians, babysitters, and others who can provide rich details about the pa- Case Study 4/7 tients' lives. Then, researchers try to see if there are any common themes in the information gathered. What research method does this strategy represent? Stimulation of which of the following brain areas will lead a person to eat? Lateral Hypothalamus Sam has shown some marked changes in the way he is able to communicate after having a stroke. He knows what he wants to say, but his speech is slow and labored. Sam's grammar is also quite poor. The part of Sam's brain that most likely sustained damage is Broca's Area Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop A Cognitive Map In classical conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus lead to Extinction The use of tokens in token economies is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement? Secondary The division of the nervous system that most directly allows voluntary muscle movement is the Somatic Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experiences? Positive Connie always worries that something terrible is about to happen even when her environment is secure. She constantly fidgets and never feels relaxed. Connie is most likely to be diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder John moves to a new job in a large urban area. For the first few days, John is continuously distracted by the sounds of traffic and street noise. By the end of the first week, John barely notices the sounds of the city. Which of the following has occurred? Habituation A childhood friend asked Jeffrey whether he remembered where they went on summer vacation when they were eight years old. Jeffrey's ability to recall correctly will rely on which of the following? Episodic Memory After each bar press, a laboratory rat receives electric stimulation to its brain. The rate of bar pressing increases. This is an example of Positive Reinforcement Alice is shopping with her daughter when she hears the word "mom." Alice answers, only to realize that the sales clerk said "ma'am" to a customer. This inaccurate perception can be attributed to Perceptual Expectancy Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of Developmental Norms One-year-old Sydney cries when his father hands him to an unfamiliar babysitter and leaves the room. Sydney's reaction is a result of his acquisition of Object Permanence Survey research has shown that people with high levels of empathy (that is, an ability to imagine and feel what others are Level of empathy correlates negatively with enjoyment of violent experiencing) tend to indicate lower ratings of enjoyment of violent humor. humor than people with lower levels of empathy. Based on these results, one can conclude that In the Stanford prison simulation, participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, guards or prisoners. After a few days, the prisoners staged a failed revolt and were consequently punished and humiliated by the guards. How did the researchers explain the abusive behavior of the guards? 5/7 The guards were influenced by their role and the situation. Steve was recently arrested for credit card fraud. He has a history of breaking the law and getting into fights with others. He frequently lies and has conned his family out of money on several occasions. When confronted about his behavior, he does not express any remorse for those he has harmed. Which of the following disorders most closely matches Steve's behaviors? Antisocial Personality The above graph is most closely associated with Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal Which of the following individuals would be most intrinsically moSavitri, who has several interesting stories that she wants to write. tivated to write? In a study conducted by Philip Zimbardo, female college students were asked to shock other students. Half of the female students each wore a hood and lab coat to hide their identity. The other half each wore their own clothes and a large name tag. The results indicated that the hooded students delivered twice as many shocks as the other students. The results of the study indicate that an important contributor to deindividuation is Anonymity Achariya is lost. She quickly scans the crowd and decides to ask an elderly woman for directions because she believes the woman will be kind. Which method of problem solving did Achariya most likely use? The Representativeness Heuristic Which of the following phenomena can the opponent-process theory of color vision explain that the trichromatic theory cannot? Negative Afterimages A researcher is studying the effect of caffeinated drinks on the activity level of ten-year-old children. Half of the children in the study drank caffeinated soda, and half drank noncaffeinated soda. Neither the research team nor the children knew which drinks had caffeine and which drinks did not. The researchers were using A Double-Blind Design According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, which of the following types of intelligence would be most useful in solving a mathematics problem that requires one numerical answer? Analytic Which of the following falls under the category of somatic symptom and related disorders? Conversion Disorder Jordan learns a trick to solve one particular type of math problem. He then uses the same trick to solve other types of math problems, even though it does not work and he keeps getting the wrong answer. Jordan's use of the trick is an example of A Mental Set Which therapeutic technique has its origins in the humanistic perspective? Unconditional Positive Regard When Jeremy hears that his neighbor's house has been robbed, he argues that the neighbor deserved it because he leaves his expensive electronics out where people can see them. Jeremy's belief is best explained by which of the following cognitive biases? The Just-World Hypothesis Ernest and Josephine Hilgard conducted experiments in which participants had one hand in painfully icy water and the other hand on a button to alert the experimenter of feelings of pain. After the participants were hypnotized to not feel pain, participants did not verbally report feeling pain even though they subconsciously pressed the button to indicate that they felt pain. How did the experimenters explain the contradiction in pain perception? The participants are experiencing dissociation. Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues? Retinal Disparity Which theory of motivation is most likely to suggest that a younger woman would be attracted to an older man because of his greater ability to provide for her? Evolutionary 6/7 A professor conducts a survey examining the relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems, and the results of her study are depicted in the scatterplot above. Which of the following types of relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems do her data suggest? A Positive Correlation Raven is an artist who is relaxed, self-disciplined, and emotionally stable. She is very trusting and cooperative. She prefers staying at home to going out socially. Which of the following diagrams best represents Raven's personality according to the Big Five trait dimensions? N = Neuroticism A = Agreeableness E = Extraversion C = Conscientiousness O = Openness N lowest Placing group needs above one's own needs is known as Collectivism A medication that primarily enhances the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain would likely be used for the treatment of which disorder? Generalized Anxiety 7/7