Classification of Dyes and Drugs and Its Applications

DYES AND APPLICATIONS Antraquinone clyes! Containing antraquinon grap. Dyes eg. Alizarin Dyes are colocarat orgarse compocrats having the property of imparting Colous to other substance such as textile fibres, wod, Silk, food stuff etc. group Antraquinone Classification of dyes. Indigoid dyes: Containing indigoid group A) Based of their constitution (chemical classilkadian) eg: Indigo Azo dyes : Containing azo groups (N=N) -NEN- Na Oss- Nass-NaN Off N 1-2 B) Classification of due on their application.. on the based Acid dyes: dyes are cusually Sodium eg: Orange I Nitro dyes: Containing nitro group(-Noz) Sall of Sulphonic acids eg: Orange-T, orange II eg: Matkis Yellow Bask dye Dye Containing basic groups like aminogroup ENH,, +NRE) site groul Phthalein dyes: Containing phthalein group eg: Malachite green.. Aniline Yellow eg: Phenolphthalein Direct lye Dyes which can directly applied to the fabric form cin 92. Selution Puthalein group eg. Martius Yellow, Congo red. Triphenylmethane dues Containing triphenyl methane grocap. eg: Malachite green Triphenyl methane Disperse dyes: Dyes which are applied to a fabric in the form of a fiore dispasion in a suitable reagent. eg Celliten fast Pink B Celliton fast Hue B Mordand dye Dyes do not attach themselves do the fabric but require a mordend to act as binding agend blw them and the fabric ég: Alizarin Vad dyes: Insolable dyes which cup first andront reduced to colocarss Soluble form large vats, then applied to the fabric and finally oxidised back to insoluble coloured form by cair of oxidant eg: Indigo, Tyrian, purple ek. @mscluble azodye: Insoluble azo compound Produce in situ on the surfrice of fabric eg: Para red. Primulin red Fibre reactive dye contain reactive group and Combine clrrectly colith the hydroxyl grap of the fibre through an irreversible venn eg vinyl Sulphone derivativo. Synthesis of Some dyes Methyl orang • The azodye, methyl orange, the coldely Indikator used acid- base titrations because of its clear and distinct color vasiane at diff. pH values It shows red in acidic medium Yellow in Basic medium methyl orcinge. Naps 0 N=N-N(CH) Coupling the diazonium Salt of Sculphanilic acid with N.N-dimethyl aniline in mild alkaline medium. Nagi's Beclium Salt of Sulphan ilic acid Nags 0 Diatotised Sodium sulphinibak Nagi's - Nici + N(CH₃)₂- OH Hcl N. N-dimethylaniline Diazotised Sellum Sulphani late methyloxinge. Malachite green Organic compcand cased as a dyestuff and as an antimicrobial in cacacally • used as a dye for matectal like Silk, leather, paper. Malachite green. (CH3) =N(CH₃)₂ Ci Condensation of N.Ndime thy lanilir cuith benzaldehyde in 2:1 ratio in Presence of dehydrating agent like cone-Hosoy comed or anhydrou zncle at tooc get lecio base. • Oxidation of lecto base with lead dioxide Green. with tel lield malachite HNCH) Alizarin Cons-Hesoy Phenolphthakin CH=D+ HN(CH N.N-dimethyl oniline Anthraquinone is Sulphonded by heading with faming H₂Soy (Oleum) to get Anthraquinone-2- sulphonic acid. •Converted into Sodium Salt by trendimend with NaOH. •Crystallized sodium salt then fessed with Sild Naoll in the presence of Potassium Chlorade to get sodicim salt of 12 dihydroxyanthraquinone •On threading with He say get alizasi Faming H5 So H Anthraquinone Malachite green- -420 Anthraquinone- 2 Sulplank actl Fuse phenolphthalein Widely used as indicador in excid-bap -lidations Anthraquinone-2-sodium Sulphonate •Heading Phthalic anhydride in the Presence of conc-He Soy. Sodium Salt of hydrox 1.2 1,2-dihydrong anhthraquinone Anthraquinone (Allzodin) Indigo •Heumann's Comercial indigo Sunthesis. •Anthranilic acid is condensed with monochloroacetic acid to get N-phenyl- glycine-o-Couborglic acid. Antibiotics micro Many, Organise Produce Certain chemicals cwhich lebest inhibid the grousth or metabolism of some other disease-Cousing microorganisms. •Such Chemical compounds are known as Antibiotics. •This fased with Sodamide (NaNtle) and Nach to get cinstable indorylic actl •adece on decarbonglocke to yield inclonyl •Indongl oxidised by alr to get indigo. thetr multiplicadion. •Antibiotics helps immune system by elther destreging in vaders or preventing COOH Anthranilit acid NaNH2 Nach -H20 C-Coolt Chloroacelt acid N-phenyl glycine-0- Carboxylic acid. •Antibiotic is defined as a drug derived from Certain microorganisms or produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis ewhich in low Conc. inhibits the growth. of or destroys décare causing mikro- erganisms by intervening in their metabolic processes •first antibiotiks aliscovered wou pencilin. Discovery In cloxylic acid Indong! Indoryl • Alexander Fleming in 1925 noticed th antibacterial properties of a pencilliam femgus. Indigo Chemotherapeutic free agent •fleroing named the antibacterial agent Present Penicillin, howeve he was not Able to purify the active substange 12 year later, the acthe ingredient Rencillin & corn iclentified, it way avoirbh for Clinical use. • referred to as contineoplastie cagent, chie cised to directly or indirectly inhibit the cincontrolled growth and proliferation of Cancer cells. Classified as •calicylating agent. • This came the Introduction of the first antibiote Penicillin Indo Medical therapy • antimetabolitel • to poisomerase inhibadi ters •Howard forey and ernest Chaim, iscdated Penicillin and Alexanda Hemining discound •antibiotics mitotic in hibirlors. • Protein kinene inhibitors. • Ampicillin and amoxycillin cve Antibiotics that are synthetic modificationy of Penicillins. Antibiotics Classified into cietudepending Upon cuheather have cidal effect or static effect on microorganisms. •Bactericidal antibiotics it kill the Microorganisms in the body directly. eg: penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ofloxacin • Bacteriostatic antibiotics It Inhibit the grocuth of microorganisms in the body, eg erythromycin, tetracycline Based on the range of microorganisms, • Broad spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics. ewhich kill on Inhibit a wide range of Caram-positive and Gram-negative bartein •Narrow Spec-ticim antibiotics: Antibiotics cuhich effective morinly against eitha Gram positive or Cram negative bacteria Bread specticio Ampicillin, amoxicillin Narrow spectivaro - Penicillin G backtrack Bacterial resistance Taking antibiotiks too often or for the wrong reasons Can Change bacteria so mach that antibiotic don't work against them. Some bacteria are now resistant to even the most powerful antibiotics available. Sulpha drugs Sulphonamides are employed as a generic name for the derivatives of Para amino benzene Sulphonamide. •first effective Chemotherapeadic agents to be employed Systemically for the Preventation and treatment of bacterial infection in humans. •Sulphonamides are bacteriostatic andibiotics with a cuicle spectrum action. against most gram tre bacteria and mang gram ve hart organisms. Mode of action Sulphonamides cue structure analogues and competitive antagonists of para- Amino benzoic acid (PABA). They thinkhit dihydroptercate Synthetase, bac-lecial enzymes responsible for incorporation of PARA to dihydroptesic aced, is the intermediate precursor of folic acld. •Sunergistic effect is obtained by a Combination of trimethoprim. •Trimethoprim is a potent and selective inhibitor of microbial dihychefalede reductar, the enzyme that reduces clihyctrofolode to letra hydrofolate Simultaneous administration of Sulphonamide and trimethoprim blocks the pathany of Cell-wall sunthesis Sequentially. Some classes of drags Antipyretics Reduce fever, ie reduce the bocly tempt in fever. egy Paracetamol: also function as analgesic (painselieva) →Aspirin I also function is anti-inflammnd Propertice too. aspirin is not cuithoal its problems, hoquever. It undergoes hyctrolysis in stomat, to salicylic acid which can ulcerade the stomach wall and Cause bleeding in Stomach →Phenacetin →Choline Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate Analgesics It relieve pain Non neucotic analgesics: por that neither produce sleep/cunconsciousness τoν addition in any Person, cass eg! paracetamol, aspirin, naproxen, Ibruprofen, Diclofenac sodicum - Naviotic analgesics Drugs thed cure Potentially addictive, releive pain and Produce sleep. Mainly used for the relief of post operative pain, Cardiac pin, terminal Cancer pain. eg: Morphine, codeine, heroin, methadore In higha dosel, Produce cinconsciousness. ex in much higher does Cacuser Come, Death etk Antiseptics •Chemicals cised eitha to prevent the growth oor kill or microorganisms Called antiseptics •Not harmful to living tissues and hence Can be safely applied on cats, wounds diseased skin surfaces. eg: Detfol mixture of Chloroxylend, Herpineod Bithional added to soaps to import antiseptic properties. lodine applied on wounds. Joclaform for wecands. Antihistamines •Kal Hiskimine is a nitrogenous hetero- Cyclic compound • Useded Chemical that the Immane system #helps Pito product the becly's cells against infection • The allergic symptoms occas when special Cells in the nose and breathing passager release histamines as part of an Immune Tesponse against any foreign matter, thaigh harmless. Antchistamines que drags used to Control the allergy effects produced by histamine. •It fanction by blocking the binding sites of receptors which histamine acts cind thereby preverds histamine from execting its natural action. examples of antihistamines! Pheniramine Cetirizine, levocetrizine Tranquilizers Drags used for the treatmend of stress, feau, tension, agitation → Major tranquilizers : Antipsychotic agents. known as used to treat major States of mental disturbances such as Psychotic podents •These drugs alleviate delusions, hallucinations and disordered thinking in patients. • They work dopamine in by blocking the necerotransmit brain tel eg: Chlorpromazine, clozcipine, Haloperidol →Minor tranquilizers known as antianxiety agents • Those used to tread neather milder stats. Strain and worry. with less in healthy Individualع Berialu mental disorders. principal minor transquilizers cue benzodiazepines Work by enhancing the action of the necirotransmitter 2-aminobutyric and (GABA) that inhibits anxtety by reducing Catain nerve impulse transmissions withiη brain. eg: Diazepam, lorazepam, Alprazolam Anaesthetic. • Used to induce anes thesia rotime. 1 →General anesthetics: result in a reversible loss of consciousness →local anesthetics: reversible loss. of Sensation for a limited region of the body cuithout necessarily affecting. Conciousness eg: Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Isofkurang