Are We Really What We Eat Part 2

48) Inside each villus of the small intestine are capillaries and a small lymph vessel called a(n) A) lacteal. B) gluteal. C) chyme. D) organelle. Answer: A 49) A painful sensation in the chest that results from gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus is called A) Barrett's esophagus. B) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). C) gastroesophageal reflux (GER). D) esophagitis. Answer: C 50) Which component of the gastrointestinal system can synthesize certain vitamins? A) liver enzymes B) intestinal yeasts C) circular folds D) GI flora Answer: D 51) Which of the following foods or beverages is considered safe to consume when traveling to high-risk foreign destinations? A) ice made from tap water B) coffee and tea C) salads and lettuce D) refrigerated shellfish Answer: B 52) What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers? A) stress B) Helicobacter pylori C) prolonged use of aspirin D) eating too many spicy foods Answer: B 53) Which of the following allows facilitated diffusion of nutrients across the enterocyte membrane? A) cholesterol B) alcohol C) carbohydrate D) protein Answer: D 54) Where is the gallbladder located? A) in the large intestine B) above the pituitary gland C) beneath the liver D) above the pharynx Answer: C 55) The pancreas is located A) behind the stomach. B) above the pituitary gland. C) at the end of the large intestine. D) above the liver. Answer: A 56) The conversion of the mass of undigested material into feces occurs in the A) stomach. B) gallbladder. C) small intestine. D) large intestine. Answer: D 57) Peristalsis is controlled by the A) central nervous system. B) enteric nervous system. C) central and peripheral nervous systems. D) multiple branches of the autonomic nervous system working together. Answer: B 58) Which of the following is an example of the central nervous system's role in digestion? A) Chewing a piece of mango initiates mechanical digestion. B) The aroma of grilled foods triggers salivary cells to stimulate the salivary glands. C) Swallowing a bolus of food triggers peristalsis. D) Salivary amylase begins the digestion of the carbohydrates in a turkey sandwich. Answer: B 59) Which of the following is known as a "hunger hormone"? A) progesterone B) testosterone C) CCK D) ghrelin Answer: D 60) Which of the following begins the process of denaturing proteins? A) HCl B) intrinsic factor C) CCK D) leptin Answer: A 61) Orange juice has a pH of 4. What is its relative acidity compared to pure water, which has a pH of 7? A) 10 times more acidic B) 100 times more acidic C) 1,000 times more acidic D) 10,000 times more acidic Answer: C 62) Which of the following statements about nutrient transport is TRUE? A) In passive diffusion, nutrients cross the enterocyte membrane against their concentration gradient. B) Active transport enables certain nutrients to cross the enterocyte membrane against their concentration gradient. C) Endocytosis is a form of passive diffusion by which lipids cross the enterocyte membrane. D) In facilitated diffusion, nutrients in low concentration in the GI tract cross the enterocyte membrane with the help of energy in the form of ATP. Answer: B 63) Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? A) absorption of excess glucose from the blood B) storage of bile C) storage of amino acids D) regulation of fat levels in the blood Answer: B 64) Peristalsis that begins in the small intestine and surges upwards results in A) vomiting. B) diarrhea. C) constipation. D) IBS. Answer: A 65) Colorectal cancer is A) almost always diagnosed at a late stage at which it is beyond treatment. B) caused by consumption of a high-fiber diet. C) the third most common cancer in men and women. D) the least common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: C 66) Irritable bowel syndrome A) affects about twice as many men as women. B) is characterized by rectal bleeding and weight loss. C) is typically caused by infection with H. pylori. D) may be due to conflicting messages between the central and enteric nervous systems. Answer: D 67) Which of the following is the most common cause of an occasional bout of vomiting? A) cyclic vomiting syndrome B) infection with the norovirus C) irritable bowel syndrome D) colorectal cancer Answer: D 68) Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed A) into the capillaries and transported in blood. B) into the lymphatic system and transported in lymph. C) directly across the stomach wall into the bloodstream. D) directly by the portal vein and transported to the liver. Answer: B 69) Which of the following commonly results from years of alcohol abuse? A) The liver attempts to compensate for the alcohol by increasing its production of glucose. B) The liver increases its capacity to detoxify alcohol and thereby grows in size. C) Scar tissue develops in the liver, impairing its ability to filter toxins from the blood. D) The liver loses its ability to produce insulin and glucagon. Answer: C 70) The hair-like projections on the enterocytes are known as A) villi. B) microvilli. C) crypts. D) brush cells. Answer: B True/False Questions 1) Hunger and appetite are synonymous terms that mean the same thing. Answer: FALSE 2) Liquids have a higher satiety value than solid foods. Answer: FALSE 3) A cell's mitochondria function to enclose the contents of the cell. Answer: FALSE 4) Cells are the smallest functional units of life that can grow, reproduce, and perform basic functions. Answer: TRUE 5) Often called the cell's powerhouse, the ribosome produces the energy molecule ATP from basic food components. Answer: FALSE 6) The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing only some compounds to enter and leave the cell. Answer: TRUE 7) Overall, very little chemical digestion occurs in the mouth. Answer: TRUE 8) Typically, chyme remains in the stomach for 2 hours before traveling to the small intestine. Answer: TRUE 9) Peptic ulcers are areas of the gastrointestinal tract that have been eroded by insulin and glucagon. Answer: FALSE 10) Bile is made in the gallbladder. Answer: FALSE 11) The majority of nutrient absorption takes place in the pancreas. Answer: FALSE 12) Vitamins and minerals are small enough to be absorbed without first being digested. Answer: TRUE 13) The presence of any bacteria in the large intestine indicates a disordered condition that can be fatal if left untreated. Answer: FALSE 14) The lining of the small intestine is smooth and flat, allowing for quick transit time of food material to the large intestine. Answer: FALSE 15) Most dietary fiber is absorbed in the small intestine. Answer: FALSE 16) Constipation can be relieved by eating a high-fiber diet and staying well-hydrated. Answer: TRUE 17) Reflux of gastric juice into the lower esophagus always causes heartburn. Answer: FALSE 18) Infrequent, painful bowel movements are symptoms of diarrhea. Answer: FALSE 19) Untreated diarrhea can be fatal in young children. Answer: TRUE 20) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) always manifests itself by diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal cramps. Answer: FALSE 21) The macronutrient with the highest satiety value is protein. Answer: TRUE 22) The atom is the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the properties of growth, reproduction, and metabolism. Answer: FALSE 23) Tiny units of matter that cannot be broken down by natural means are called cells. Answer: FALSE 24) A tissue is a grouping of similar cells that are joined together to form functional sheets or cords. Answer: TRUE 25) Tight rings of muscle that control the movement of food through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are villi. Answer: FALSE 26) The large intestine is also known as the colon. Answer: TRUE 27) Leptin is a hormone that suppresses hunger. Answer: TRUE 28) A diet high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables appears to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Answer: TRUE 29) A crying infant who sheds so many tears he soaks his father's shirt is probably experiencing dehydration. Answer: FALSE 30) The hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice kills any H. pylori bacteria that may be present in the stomach. Answer: FALSE 31) A bolus is the liquid produced by mechanical digestion in the stomach. Answer: FALSE 32) During the ten days that Shuji was taking a broad-spectrum antibiotic, the yeasts populating his large intestine probably increased. Answer: TRUE 33) In active transport, an enterocyte's cell membrane engulfs a nutrient and releases it into the cytoplasm. Answer: FALSE Essay Questions 1) Explain how food molecules become body structures. Answer: Answers will vary. 2) After eating only a salad for dinner Sunday evening, Raga wakes up Monday morning feeling hungry. Why? Identify at least three mechanisms prompting her hunger. Answer: Answers will vary. 3) Describe how the stomach is involved in human digestion. Include enzyme and hormone actions that occur here and the role that the stomach plays in the breakdown of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Answer: Answers will vary. 4) You just ate a veggie burrito with peppers and onions, black beans, cheese, and sour cream on a whole-grain tortilla. Describe the pathway the burrito takes, from start to finish, as it is digested. Answer: Answers will vary. 5) Identify the primary functions of the large intestine. Describe its shape and main structures. Answer: Answers will vary. 6) Describe the lining of the small intestine. How does its unique structure contribute to the process of nutrient absorption? Answer: Answers will vary. 7) Identify the symptoms of colorectal cancer and its risk factors. Describe the recommended screening tests for the disease and its treatments. Answer: Answers will vary. 8) Make a list of recommendations that would help prevent or alleviate the symptoms of GERD. Answer: Answers will vary.