The Sociological Point of View Guide

CHAPTER 1 Review Worksheet The Sociological Point of View MATCH Match each item in the left column with its description in the right column. Write the letter of the correct description in the space provided. ______ 1. sociology ______ 2. anthropology ______ 3. social Darwinism ______ 4. political science ______ 5. dysfunction ______ 6. theory ______ 7. social psychology ______ 8. social phenomenon ______ 9. economics ______10. social interaction ______11. symbol ______12. psychology ______13. function ______14. history ______15. sociological imagination a. social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms b. social science that studies human society and social behavior c. study of past events d. ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life e. observable fact or event f. positive consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system g. study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants h. comparative study of past and present cultures i. anything that represents something else, and members of society agree on the meaning attached to it j. negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system k. explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena l. belief that only the fittest societies would survive over time m. study of how the social environment affects an individual’s behavior and personality n. how people relate to one another and influence each other’s behavior o. examination of the organization and operation of governments Chapter 1, Chapter Review Activities, continued SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 16. How did the Industrial Revolution change European society? 17. Describe the beliefs of Karl Marx about the structure and operation of society. 18. Describe the interactionist perspective and give three topics to which this perspective is typically applied. _____________________________________________________ 19. Which theoretical perspective should you use? Explain. (ANSWER KEY) Chapter 1 THE SOCIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW 1. b 9. g 2. h 10. n 11. i 3.1 4. o 12. a 13. f 5.j 6. k 14. c 7. m 15. d 8. e 16. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid social and political changes to Europe. The rural economy of farms and cottage industries gave way to an economy based on large-scale production. The factory replaced the home as the main site for manufacturing. With the growth of factories came the growth of cities, as people left their homes in the countryside in search of work. The rapid growth of urban populations produced many social problems, such as housing shortages, crime, and pollution. Urban life was different from life in small rural communities, where interactions were based on close personal relationships. 17. Marx believed that the structure of a society is influenced by how its economy is organized. According to Marx, society is divided into two classes—the bourgeoisie, or capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers. The bourgeoisie own the means of production. The proletariat own nothing but provide the labor needed to produce goods and services. Marx believed that the power imbalance among these groups would inevitably lead to class conflict. The proletariat would overthrow those in power and create a classless society. 18. The interactionist perspective focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society. Sociologists who adopt this perspective are interested in the ways in which individuals respond to one another in everyday situations. They also are interested in the meanings that individuals attach to their own actions and to the actions of others, and particularly in the role that symbols play in interactions. The interactionist perspective is used to study topics such as child development, relationships within groups, and mate selection. 19. Each theoretical perspective presented in this chapter poses different questions, and provides contrasting insights into, the social world. Combining the elements each has to offer will provide you with a more complete understanding of human behavior. Chapter 2 CULTURAL DIVERSITY 8. Values 1. culture 9. Norms 2. material 10. expectations 3. nonmaterial 11. folkways 4. Society 12. dynamic 5. norms 13. complex 6. shared 14. patterns 7. grammar 15. George Murdock examined hundreds of different cultures in an attempt to determine what general traits are common to all cultures. 16. Murdock argued that in all cultures, the purpose of the family is the same. The family ensures that new members will be added to society and cared for until old enough to fend for themselves. In addition, the family introduces children to the components of their culture. 17. Margaret Mead was trying to determine whether differences in basic temperament—the fundamental emotional disposition of a person—result mainly from inherited characteristics or from cultural influences. 18. The Arapesh are contented, gentle, nonaggressive, receptive, trusting, and warm people. Their society is based on complete cooperation. The Mundugumor are aggressive, competitive, jealous, and violent, and show open hostility among all members of the same sex. 19. Arapesh children grow up in a very loving and friendly social environment. Babies arc tended when they cry and spend much of their time being held by someone. They are taught consideration and respect for