Exam 1 (1 The Citizens and government-2 The Founding and the Constitution) 1)The most important political value for the framers of the constitution was Individual liberty 2) Shay’s rebellion was significant because it Convinced many observers that the government under the Articles of Confederation has become dangerously inefficient 3) Citizenship refers to Informed and active membership in a political community 4) The benefit that citizens can influence what government does is called Political efficacy 5) The three branches of government by the Constitution are Executive, Legislative, and Judicial 6) Digital Citizenship is The ability to participate in society online 7) _______are the three core values in American politics Liberty, equality, and democracy 8) The Stamp Act was a Tax on commerce 9) Colonial protesters of the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act rallied around which slogan No taxation without representation 10) A government that is not constrained by legal limits and also seeks to eliminate any challenges to its authority is known as a TOTALITARIAN 11) The United States first written constitution was called the Articles of Confederation 12) Montesquieu called _____________the principle of giving each branch of government its own constituency MIXED REGIME 13) Judicial Review is the power of The courts to decide on the constitutionality of actions taken by the other branches of government 14) Who were the authors of the Federalist papers James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton 15) Having some share of say in the composition of a government leadership how it is organized or what its policies are going to be is called POWER 16) The three Fifths Compromise Determined that three out every five slaves would be counted for purpose of representation and taxation 17) One person, one vote reflects the principle of Political equality 18) The _________was the key group in Europe that pushed for limited government Bourgeoise 19) The framers of the US Constitution intended to create a presidency capable of Withstanding excessive democratic popular pressure y making it subject to indirect election through the electoral college 20) The power of the federal government began to expand after 1933 in response to The stock market crash of 1929, the Great Depression and the run on banks of 1933 21) The believe that political authority should rest with the people themselves is called Popular Sovereignty 22) The essential documents of the American founding are the ________ and the ________ Declaration of the Independence; constitution 23) The Virginia Plan proposed a system of representation in the national legislature that was based upon. The population of each state of the proportion of each state’s revenue contribution, or both. 24) A government that is formally limited by laws and rules is called Constitutional 25) Bicameralism is a constitutional principle that means the division of Congress into two chambers Exam 2 (3 Federalism -4 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights) 1) Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Courts ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Racially segregated schools can never be equal 2)One argument for a strong federal government is that it promotes _____across states. Equality 3)The first test for determining when the government may intervene to suppress political speech was called the ____________test Speech plus 4)The form of federal assistance called _____provides money by state government which no strings attached Block Grants 5)The _____clause of the First Amendment protects an individual’s right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses Free Exercise 6) Unfunded mandates are popular among those who want to Reduce the power of the federal government 7) The fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth amendments are largely about Protections for those accused of committing crimes 8)Which of the following is true about the Bill of Rights It includes the first ten amendments to the US constitution 9)What was the overall importance of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The Court interpreted the delegated powers of Congress broadly, creating the potential for increased national powers 10) The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Established the “separate but equal” rule 11) What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment To limit the powers of the federal government by reserving certain powers to the states and to the people 12) __________compels state governments to obey costly to federal regulations but does not reimburse those costs. An unfunded mandate 13) The text of the fourteenth amendment says “Nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” 14) Using block grants to return power to the states was part of _________during the Nixon (1969-1974) and Reagan (1981-1989) administration New Federalism 15) In the Bakke (1978) case, the Supreme Court ruled that Quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional but affirmative action could be used. 16) _________is the strategy of delegating authority to a lower level of government Devolution 17) Habeas Corpus refers to A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention 18) The full faith and credit clause of the constitution requires States to honor each other’s public acts and legal decisions 19) The process by which the Supreme Court has expanded specific parts of the Bill of Rights to protect citizens against state and federal actions is called Selective incorporation ~ 20) Block grants are designed to Give the states considerable discretion in how money from the federal government should be spent 21) _________prevents people from being tried twice for the same crime Double Jeopardy 22) The requirements that a person under arrest be informed of his or her right to remain silent is known as the _________rule Miranda 23) Which of the following statements about selective incorporation is most accurate Until 1961, only the first amendment and one clause of the Fifth amendment had been clearly incorporated into the Fourteenth amendment as biding as well as on the national government 24) Federalism is best defined as a system of government In which power is divided between a national government and a lower level government 25) The principle of _____________gives the federal government the power to override any state or local law in one particular area of policy Preemption Chapter 3 Pre-Test Devolution: - A policy that removes a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as the national government to the state and local governments. The Full faith and clause of the Constitution requires: - The states to honor each other’s public acts and legal decisions - Provision from Article I, Section I of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state. What was the overall importance of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)? - The Court allowed Congress to use the necessary and proper clause to broadly interpret its delegates powers. The first nation to adopt federalism as its governing framework was - The United States Which President introduced and presided over the New Deal? - Franklin Roosevelt Which of the following statements best describes the history of American federalism? - Since the Founding, there has been considerable debate about the allocation of responsibilities between the states and the federal government _____ power exist when both state and national governments share authority in certain domains. - Concurrent What is the purpose of the 10th Amendment? - To limit the powers of the federal government by reserving certain powers to the state and to the people _______ compels state government to obey costly federal regulations but does not reimburse those cost - Unfunded Mandate o A law or regulation requiring state or local government to perform certain actions without providing funding for fulfilling the requirement Which powers, derived from the tenth Amendment, are neither delegated to the national government nor denied to the states? - Reserved powers Which event was most influential in triggering the rise of a more active national government? - The Great Depression What is it called when a state grants a city the ability to govern its own local affairs? - Home rule o Power delegated by the state to a local government to manage its own affairs In a federal system, governmental responsibilities are - Shared by both state and federal governments Power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens is called absolute power - False - It is called police powers A state government’s authority to regulate the safety, health, and morals of its citizens is called a ______ power. - Police Federalism is best defined as a system of government - In which power is divided between a national government and lower-level government The principle of ___ gives the federal government the power to override any state or local law in one particular area of policy. - Preemptive o The principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack If the federal government passed a law that did not provide money to state and local governments but required them to construct wheelchair lifts at all train stations, it would be an example of - Unfunded mandate o A law or regulation requiring state or local government to perform certain actions without providing funding for fulfilling the requirement Chapter 4 Pre Test The exclusionary rule was applied to all levels of government by the Supreme Court in which case? - Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court’s ruling of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)? - Racially segregated schools can never be equal The so-called wall of separation between church and state is best found in which clause of the Constitution? - The establishment clause The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Established the “separate but equal” rule. In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that - Laws criminalizing sexual behaviors are a violation of the right to privacy In the Bakke (1987) case, the Supreme Court ruled that - Quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional but affirmative action could be used. Due process of law is generally defined by the __amdendment - Fourth, fifth, sixth, eight The Due process by which the Supreme Court has expanded specific parts fo the Bill of Rights to protect citizens against state and federal actions is called - Selective incorporation What is a grand jury? - A jury that determines whether there is enough evidence to justify a trial The supreme court ruled that the second amendment provides a constitutional right to keep a loaded handgun at home for self-defense in - District of Columbia v. Heller Habeas corpus refers to - A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention The Second Amendment to the US Constitution deals with - Right to bear arms ___ prevents people from being tried twice for the same crime - Double jeopardy The requirement that a person under arrest be informed of his or her right to remain silent is known as the ___ rule - Miranda Which of the following is true about the Bill of Rights? - It’s the first 10 amendments of the Constitution Which of the following contains or would have contained the sentence “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or by any state on account of sex?” - The equal rights amendment Freedom of speech and of the press have a special place in the American System because - Free and open debate is an essential mechanism for determining the quality and validity of competing ideas. The term eminent domain describes the - Power of the government to seize private property for public use Chapter 5 Pre Test - If a person supports a candidtate because he or she is the frontrunner in a poll, it is an example of - - Bandwagon effect Pollsters use random digit dialing to gather national samples for surveys because - There is not a complete list of all Americans that cane be used to identify the population A widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential - Equality of Opportunity The term “public opinion” is used to describe - Attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events The concept of a marketplace of ideas refers to - the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums Socialism refers to a political ideology that cmphasizes social ownership, strong government, and reducing economic inequality. - True The process by which political values are formed is known as - Political socialization Today, the term liberal refers to someone who generally supports the social and economic status quo and is suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulas and economic arrangements. -False Which of the following is an example of the “gender gap? - Men voting of trump more so than woman The practice of pushing polling involves - the procedure of aasking sking loaded questions in ord order er to subtly shape the respondent’s opinion Which of the following statements about the marketplace of ideas is true? - Private groups and the news media play important roles in shaping opinions in the marketplace of ideas. Libertarianism is the political ideology that - Emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government Which of the following is not an agent of socialization? -none of the above (the family, social groups, education) The fact that Americans strongly support minimal governmental interference with individuals’ lives and property illustrates their commitment to - Liberty The fact that Americans strongly support minimal governmental interference with individuals’ lives and property illustrates their commitment to - Liberty, equality of opportunity, and democracy What is the social desirability effect? - the fact that responde respondents nts report what tthey hey think tthe he interv interviewer iewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socia socially lly acceptable, rather than what they actu actually ally believe A political ideology is best defined as - a co cohesive hesive set of beliefs tha thatt form a general philosophy about the government. Which statement best describes the relationship between public opinion and government policy? - The relationship betwee between n government policy and public oopinion pinion is dynamic, wherein government policy responds to public opinion but public opinion also shif shifts ts based on n new ew government policies. The small group selected by pollsters to represent the entire population is called a - Sample Chapter 6 News produced by individuals and organizations who are not employed as professional journalist Is called - Citizen journalism Individuals with home high-speed internet access and the technology and literacy skills to use it are called - Digital citizen If public concern and interest in data security issues increased after a number of television and newspaper stories about “hacking,” it would be an example of the media’s o Agenda-setting power - The tendency to focus news coverage on only one aspect of an event or issue, avoiding coverage of other aspects is called o Selection bias What is niche journalism? - news reporting ttargeted argeted for a demographic of readers base based d on content or ideological presentation The process of preparing the public to take a particular view of an event or political actor is called priming. - True The requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public is called the - Equal time rule Which of the following is NOT a reason why many Americans appear to prefer online news? - The accuracy and obectiveity compared to traditional media outlet The fact that only 63 percent of high school graduates have broadband internet access at home while almost 90 percent of college graduates do is an example of - Digital divide News reported and distributed by citizens, rather than by professional journalists and forprofit news organization is called citizen journalism. - True Which of the following news sources reaches the MOST Americans? - Television A widely circulated story during the 2016 presidential election stating that the Pope had endorsed Donald Trump for president was a good example of - Fake news Large media conglomerates, such as the Hearst, McClatchy, and Gannett corporations, own approximately ________ percent of daily newspapers. - 75 n the United States, freedom of the press is protected by - First Admendment Which agency regulates broadcast media? - Federal Communications Commission “Public broadcasting” refers to any television, radio, and digital media that- receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars. ___ is the power the media have to shape what issues Americans think about and ____ is the pwer the media hve Agenda setting an and d framing Low-level officials who hope to publicize what they view as their bosses’ or the government’s improper activities are usually called - whistleblower Which of the following requires an FCC license in order to legally broadcast in the United States? - Over the air television stations Reporting in which the media adopt a skeptical or even hostile posture toward the government and public officials is referred to as - Adversarial journalism Chapter 7 Pre-Test 1. “Dark money” comes from - 501(c)(4)s 2. Historically, electoral realignments occur: - When new issues combine with economic or political crises to mobilize new voters and persuade large numbers of voters to re-examine their traditional partisan loyalties. 3. 527 committees are different from 501(c)(4) organization because - 501(c)(4) organizations do not have to publicly report who their donors are and how much they gave. 4. A political party is an organization - That tries to influence the government by getting into members elected to office. 5. Which of the following factors is not currently an obstacle to vomiting in the United States? - Literacy test 6. A(N) ______ occurs when a voter must be registered with a party prior to voting in that party’s election. - Closed primary 7. The latest election in which a major party presidential candidate accepted public funds was - 2008 8. A(n) ____ occurs when a voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election. - Open primary 9. Generally speaking, a recall effort begins with a - Petition campaign 10. In a proportional representation electoral system. - Seats in the legislature are allocated to political parties based on their share of the total vote cast in the election. 11. ____ is the practice of tailoring campaign messages to individuals in small, homogenous groups. - Micro-targeting 12. When Hillary Clinton won the plurality of votes in California during the 2016 election, and California had 53 representatives in the House of Representatives, how many electoral votes from California did she win? - 55 13. The two major parties in the United States during the 1830s and 1840s were the ____ and the ______. - Democrats; Whigs 14. ____ occurs when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress. - Divided government 15. Political parties hold primary elections or caucuses in order to - Select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election 16. Throughout its history, American politics has been dominated by - Two major political parties 17. Who is an incumbent? - The current officeholder, running for re-election 18. The New Deal coalition was severely strained and ultimately broken apart by the - Vietnam War and the issue of civil rights 19. A proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote is called a - Ballot initiative 20. Which of the following occurs when one party replaces another party that has dominated national politics for a lengthy period of time? - An electoral realignment