People in the U.S. with STIs (Answer Key)

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Approximately how many people in the U.S. have STIs? More than 20 million every year 2. In which age range do half of number in Question #1 fall? 15 to 24 3. Why is the reported number of people with STIs in the U.S. lower than it actually is (three reasons)? - Unreported or undiagnosed - Fear and judgement - Many wary of getting tested - Unaware of consequences and risks 4. What are two results that early detection of STIs can produce? - Lessen the probability to get worse and more serious - Early treatment can reduce the long-term consequences 5. Define contagion. Disease transmitted by direct or indirect contact. 6. Explain the punishment concept. Also, explain what it serves as and feelings it can produce. - She deserves to get STIs - Referring to people who got STIs as they did something wrong and that is why they are being punished. Many people who are diagnosed with STIs experience "self-stigmatization," which is an acceptance of the negative aspects of stigma, like feeling inadequate and ashamed. 7. Which syndrome is most often explained by the punishment concept? Why? The punishment concept serves as a defense mechanism. By believing that a person's behavior is responsible for acquiring an STI, we think we are safe by not engaging in that behavior. Many people who are diagnosed with STIs experience "self-stigmatization," which is an acceptance of the negative aspects of stigma, like feeling inadequate and ashamed. 8. What are the three causes of STIs? Parasitic, bacterial, & viral infections. STIs can be caused by ectoparasitic, bacterial, or viral infections. The causal agents are important in treating STIs. Ectoparasitic infections are those that are caused by parasites that live on the skin's surface and include pubic lice and scabies. Bacterial infections include gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia, which occur when bacteria enters the body and often live in mucous membranes. Viral infections include herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, viral hepatitis, and HIV, and once a virus invades a body it is able to reproduce itself. 9. Describe the following STIs, provide characteristics, explain how each is transmitted, which populations are most affected (if provided), symptoms, treatments, & who should be tested: Gonorrhea Syphilis  Chlamydia  Herpes (also include psychological reactions)  HPV  Viral hepatitis  HIV/AIDS  PID  Pubic lice  Scabies 10. What are STIs prevalence, higher rates, high-risk sexual behaviors, and gender differences Large discrepancies have been found in STI prevalence, with higher rates in young people, certain racial/ethnic groups and minority populations, and MSM. Young adults are disproportionately affected by STIs, and the incidence of these infections continues to grow in this population, primarily because many engage in highrisk sexual behaviors, such as multiple partners, inconsistent condom use, or both. Adults and older adults may still get STIs, i.e. HIV/AIDS in nursing homes with older men taking viagra. 1 in 4 adolescent females have STIs. Women are at a higher risk because vaginal tissue is   more fragile than penile skin, semen remains in the female reproductive tract and it's easier to wash off some STIs on a penis than it is in a vagina. 11. regarding risks? 12. What risks exist for some racial/ethnic groups, MSM, WSW, straight women, & bisexual women? 13. 14. Explain being asymptomatic, latency, and gender differences. 15. Explain STIs in transgender people, and two reasons some transgender individuals don’t go to doctors. 16. Discuss four ways to avoid STIs. ZOOM REVIEW QUESTIONS –CH. 16, HSCHAPTER 16–Varieties of Sexual Expression 1.Why are some sexual expressions, e.g., masturbation, not accepted in the past but are now? 2.Who decides whether sexual expressions are appropriate or inappropriate? Society, Not science. (culturally accepted and not accepted) 3.For professionals what decides sexually harmful behaviors? 4.Explain what paraphilias. Paraphilias- Types of sexual behaviors not usual and potentially problematic (sexual behaviors involving a craving for sexual behavior, dependent on object for satisfaction, orgasm, Extreme cases the object itself become the sexual attraction (by looking at the shoe, the person might be excited) *Challenges -Emotional distance- distance himself from feeling intimacy and replacing with these objects -Motivation -Loneliness, Depression - Prevalence ( patient involved in full/part time psychiatric care) 5.Discuss the three characteristics of paraphilia. Paraphiliac – The person that are involve in paraphilia behavior. - Majority are Men - Some with paraphilia have experienced family issues in childhood. - Poor social skills - Distorted views of sexual intimacy Paraphilic Disorder - Person must feel personal distress for at least six months. ( inward distress not outside) - Having a sexual desire or behavior that involves 6.How can paraphilia limit emotional closeness? Paraphilic person usually tend to attach themselves to object for pleasure or sexual arousal and gradually depend on it for the pleasure. Hence, to those people the human connection or intimacy doesn’t provide the sense of pleasure than the objects. So, they limit emotional closeness. 7.How do some people explain their use of paraphilias? People use their paraphilias in various ways such as the means for motivation, relieve their depression and loneliness or express their rage. 8.Why is it difficult to determine the prevalence of paraphilia? It is difficult to determine paraphilia because the criteria to determine them vary widely, both across the culture and over time. 9.Who make up the majority of paraphilias? Male make up the majority of paraphilias. 10.Describe individuals with the most serious paraphilias. The individuals with the most serious paraphilias have difficulty in maintaining good family relationships. 11.Explain what paraphilic disorder is. Paraphalic disorder includes the people who are experiencing certain behaviors such as -Person who are feeling personal distress about sexual desire related to deaths , injury or trauma for at least 6 months. ( distress comes within person (inward) not outside or society views) - Having sexual desires or behaviors that involves unwilling people, objects that harms others - Must be recurrent and intense. - Interfered with person’s ability to function like family, work and so on. - For some desire occurs periodically or exists separately from other sexual relationship. * Paraphilias is not same as Paraphiliac Disorder. 12.Provide specific examples of atypical sexual interests.     Exposing self to young girls -Violating corpses (having sex with dead human beings) -Strangers rubbing against people in public places -Fondling or more advanced sexual contact with underaged children – pedophile  13.Explain factors that may lead to developing paraphilia. - Biological Theory (Factors that may lead to-) - Illnesses - Disturbances of brain structure and brain - Higher levels of certain hormones such as testosterone - *these can slightly/ likely develop but not sure Psychoanalytic Theory - Infancy : - Oedipal crisis (a boy having a sexual attraction towards mom and having a jealousy towards father.) - Castration anxiety ( a having a fear of being testicles removed) - * This can explain why paraphilias are more common among men because both boys and girls identify strongly with their mothers, but girls can continue that identification, whereas boys must separate from their mothers to establish a male identity. Not scientific 14.Discuss how the developmental theory explains paraphilic disorder. LoveMaps – John Money believes that we all have a Template of a ideal partners that we all develop during the early age when we experience childhood sexual play such as how they look, how they sound like. If normal sex play remains undisturbed, they might turn to heterosexual. If they were punished when they were caught, or they were sexually abused and had childhood traumas there lovemaps might be disturbed in one of three ways: - Hypophilia (negative stimulus present in sexual development which might lead to difficulty in having orgasm, lubrication and so on. - Hyperphilia (becomes overly sexually active leading to compulsions) - Subsitution (normal sexual tension might be discouraged or might be painful through sexual abuse hence child might redirect the erotic energy into the objects such as pain, peeping, shoes, rubber etc. Or some child might be excited by humiliation. For example the child might be punished for peeping mon’s panties and hence that panties might be the forbidden fruits to that child hence that child might seek that out. 16.How does the Behavioral Theory explain how paraphilia develops? Behavioral theory is through classical conditioning (basic form of learning by unconsciously for example whenever you come home wearing a baseball cap, you take your child to play in the park. Hence now the child associates your baseball cap with a trip to the park.) For example, the boy gets spanked and he gets erection, so he associates spanking as the form of excitement to him hence he repeats this and forms a fantasy. The boy riding pony in aunt’s leather boots and get erection hence, the associate leather as a means of excitement. Like peeping panties, peeping the people in the bathroom. 17.Discuss how the Psychological Theory explains how paraphilia develops. Feminists Posit that society treats women as an object, hence natural replacing the women with the object develops Questioning Masculinity - Some males need to reinforce their masculinity or can feel masculine by exposing themselves to the children. Media - Seeing sexual images and ads in the TV hence the image can take the place of the reality or the person. - 18.Explain what Fetishistic Disorder is and how fetishism is related to paraphilia. Fetishistic Disorder- Sexual arousal via fantasies, urges or behavior usually an inanimate object or the body parts that is not sexual organs. Symptoms - Recurrent and intense sexual arousal through objects like leather, silk, - Should have occurred at least 6 months or more - Causing significant social and or occupational distress. All paraphilias are a type of fetish because sexual arousal is associated with object rather than feelings or humans. 19.Describe what Transvestic Disorder is and how it is different from transgender behavior. Transvestic Disorder- Intense sexual arousal wearing clothes of opposite gender. Symptoms - same as Fetishistic disorder *Not a mental issue. And TD cause significant occupational and social distress. It is different from transgender behavior because in transgender behavior by wearing a opposite sex dress make them feel like a home, make them feel like themselves and it doesn’t cause social distress. 20.Discuss what Sexual Sadism Disorder and Sexual Masochism Disorder are. Sexual Sadism Disorder – Intense sexual arousal in response to the physical and psychological pain of others. Eg- Spanking, blindfolding, strangulation. Sexual Masochism Disorder – Intense sexual arousal in response to enduring pain, suffering and humiliation. Power BDSM – Bondage Discipline Submission and Dominance  Unless these behaviors haven’t cause distress, injury or death of others, it isn’t considered as a disorder. Masochistic- allow pain to happen to me. 21.What is the most important aspect of S&M? Sadomasochism, or S&M, is a broad term that refers to the receiving of sexual pleasure from acts involving the infliction or receiving of pain and humiliation, as most people who practice sadism or masochism are also involved with the other. Bondage and restraint are the most common expressions of these behaviors, although it is power, rather than pain, that is the most important aspect. 22.What is masochistic behavior? 23.Explain what Voyeuristic Disorder is and who typically has this disorder and when. Voyeuristic Disorder – Intense sexual aroused by watching an unsuspecting person who is disrobing, naked, or engaged in sexual activity. ( people must be unaware) Turns to compulsion Require visual stimuli Non consensual Peeping term – straight 24.Describe what primary voyeurism and video voyeurism are. Primary voyeurism is rare and usually mixed with the host of other paraphilic disorder. Making satisfy by watching pornography. Still, voyeurs are generally harmless and satisfied just with peeping, although they can scare an unsuspecting person. Many voyeurs satisfy some of their urges by watching pornography, but this is ultimately unsatisfying because part of the excitement is the knowledge that the victims do not know or approve of the fact that the voyeur sees them. There has been an increase in "video voyeurism," in which people use cameras, cell phones, or other surveillance equipment to record nonconsenting persons undressing or having sex. New laws prohibit against voyeurism 25.Discuss what Exhibitionist Disorder is and its legal term. Exhibitionistic disorder is legally classified as "indecent exposure" and is the most common of all reported sexual offenses. Exhibitionistic disorder involves recurrent and intense arousal from exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger. These behaviors cause significant social and/or occupational distress and have occurred for more than 6 months. As such, this behavior is nonconsensual, the exhibitionist is usually male and the unsuspecting people are usually female. What excites the exhibitionist is not usually the nudity itself but the lack of consent of the victim as expressed in her shocked or fearful reaction. 26.Explain what Frotteuristic Disorder is and how it is different from toucheurism. Frotteuristic disorder- When men rub their genitals against the women’s thigh, buttock in bus, train and so on claiming it as accident. - may fondle It is different from toucheurism because, it is the compulsive desire to touch. 27.Describe what Pedophilic Disorder is, its age descriptions, commonality across the world, and predators. Pedophilic disorder - Intense sexual arousal from touching children under 14 yrs. - Pedophiles should be above 18 yrs and victims should be at least 5 yrs older. Illegal in every country Can be obsessed with that child in some way or other Predators become very manipulative 28.What is the difference between a child sexual abuser and a pedophile? Not every child sexual abuser is a pedophile. In the US, an adult who has sexual contact with a boy or girl younger than the age of consent to whom they are not married is guilty of child sexual abuse. A child sexual abuser may or may not be a pedophile; a person may sexually abuse a child because an adult is not available, because children are easier to seduce than adults, out of anger, or because of other sexual, psychological, or familial problems. - Some may look but never touch where as some expose themselves. - Some believe that behavior doesn’t cause any trauma 29.Discuss “Megan’s Law.” Megan was murdered by pedophile. Megan's Law is the toughest sex offender registration act in the country. It became federal law in 1996 and mandated that every community have access to information about the presence of convicted sex offenders in their neighborhoods. Today, all 50 states require that convicted sex offenders register on their release from prison into the community and require the listing (with the offenders' names, addresses, photographs, crimes, and sometimes physical descriptions) to be made available to the public. 30.What is one of the most frequently reported risk factors for becoming a pedophile but it is not always true? The most frequently reported risk factors having it done in childhood in themselves. 31.What is recidivism and which disorder has high rates of it? Recidivism is the tendency to repeat the crime such as sexual offenses (very difficult disorder to overcome and cure) Pedophiles have high rates of recidivism, and for some unknown reason, these rates are higher in homosexual men. The recidivism rate is the main impetus for legislation such as Megan's Law. 32.What are scatalophilia, zoophilia, and necrophilia? Scatalophilia - obscence telephone calling Zoophilia- Having sex with animals eg sheep Necrophilia- Sexual contact with dead bodies 33.Explain what sexual addiction, obsession, & compulsion are. Sexual Addiction - Uncontrollable craving and compulsive need for sexual contact Obssession- Constant thinking of sexual behaviors and thoughts, can change into action Complusion- excessive time spent on sexual behavior an, taking lives. 34.Describe a typical sex addict. A typical sex addict is a married man whose obsession with masturbation increases to an obsession with pornography, cybersex, visits to sex workers, or multiple sexual affairs. 35.What treatments are used for these disorders? Treatment for paraphilic disorder first involves an assessment. This can be done through selfreport, behavioral observation, physiological tests, or personality inventories. Overall, the most important goal of therapy must be to change a person's behavior. Treatments for paraphilic disorder may include group, individual, and family therapy; medication; education; and self-help groups. Behavioral methods are most common; techniques include aversion therapy, shame aversion, systematic desensitization, orgasmic reconditioning, and satiation therapy. Pharmacological and surgical interventions, such as testosteronesuppressing drugs, antidepressants, and chemotherapy, are also used. *Deviant Behaviors- Anything sexual activities that don’t lead to reproduction.