Histology - Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum

Lab 5 Objectives:  Histology: cerebral cortex and cerebellum  Calculate Nernst potential, and Membrane potential (parallel conductance equation)- NEED TO KNOW FORMULA  Describe the role sodium and potassium ions have on the establishment of the resting membrane potential.  Predict how changes in ion channel conductance alter the membrane potential.  To know what is the flow of ions under different conditions when you vary concentration gradient or voltage  To know how to read and analyze action potential recording after application of different toxins (postlab slides) Lab 6 Objectives:      Learn to use hardware POWERLAB and associated software in the Lt What is force transducer, why do we need calibration? What is threshold, maximal and supramaximal excitation stimulus? Reminder: single muscle fiber has all or none response, muscle (with many muscle fibers) has graded response Twitch, Length-tension curve, frequency modulation experiments (summation, tetanus, fatigue): recordings, graphs, explanations Lab 7: EMG      Learn to use hardware POWERLAB and associated software in the Lt Record EMG signals in Lt Learn to use the annotation and to analyze signals in the Lt software. Learn to differentiate reciprocal activation, and co-contraction Define isometric and isotonic contractions and relate them to the exercises we did in lab Lab 8 objectives:      Understand the differences between intracellular recording and extracellular recording. Describe the all-or-none response of a single axon. Determine nerve conduction velocity using absolute (V=distance/latency period) and differential method V= D2-D1/LP2-LP1 NEED TO KNOW FORMULA Explain the difference between the absolute and relative refractory periods of a nerve Explain biphasic recording Lab 9 objectives:    Define monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex and reflex arc. Jendrassic maneuver Understand recording and analysis Identify the major external and internal structures of the brain on a human brain model and a preserved sheep brain.   Identify the cranial nerves on a human brain model or a preserved sheep brain. Identify important anatomical areas on a spinal cord model or diagram. On the spinal cord model, locate the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. White matter Dorsal root Gray matter (dorsal and ventral horns) Dorsal root ganglion Anterior median fissure Ventral root Posterior median sulcus Central canal a. Brain-Superior (Dorsal) view: 1. gyri 2. sulci 3. longitudinal cerebral fissure 4. frontal lobe 5. parietal lobe 6. occipital lobe Brain- Lateral (Sagittal) view: 1. frontal lobe 2. parietal lobe 3. temporal lobe 4. occipital lobe 5. central sulcus 6. lateral sulcus 7. somatomotor area 8. somatosensory area 9. cerebellum Brain-Inferior (Ventral) view: 1. olfactory bulb 2. optic chiasma 3. mammillary bodies 4. pons 5. medulla oblongata 6. cerebellum Brain- Midsagittal view: 1. frontal lobe 2. parietal lobe 3. occipital lobe 4. lateral ventricle 5. third ventricle 6. cerebral aqueduct 7. fourth ventricle 8. corpus callosum 9. fornix 10. optic chiasm 11. thalamus 12. pineal gland 13. superior colliculi 14. inferior colliculi 15. midbrain 16. pons 17. medulla oblongata 18. cerebellum Cranial nerves: 12 cranial nerves, location and function (sensory, motor or mixed). Lab 10 objectives:        EAR identify selected endocrine tissue on microscope slides images- pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland understand the physiologic importance of metabolic rate measurement. understand the effect of hypo-, hyper-, and eu-thyroid (normal-control) conditions on oxygen consumption and metabolic rate. calculate metabolic rate in terms of ml O2/min/g. NEED TO KNOW FORMULA identify gross morphology of the eye and ear identify retina and cochlea on microscopic slides identify cellular layers in retina and Organ of Corti in cochlea Pinna (Auricle) Vestibular Nerve Cochlear Nerve Membranous Labyrinth Osseous (Bony) Labyrinth Eustachian (Auditory) Tube Cochlea Semicircular Canals Vestibule Round Window Oval Window Stapes (Stirrup) Incus (Anvil) Malleus (Hammer) Tympanic Membrane External Auditory Canal EYE pupil iris sclera cornea aqueous humor optic nerve optic disc (blind spot) vitreous humor lens ciliary body retina choroid macula lutea fovea centralis tapetum lucidum