Trafficked Persons Asylum Claims and their Implications for Smuggled Persons Date: June, 26 2023 Performed by: Dr Maja Grundler (RHUL Department of Law and Criminology) Future Risk: Vulnerability Indicators For Risk Of Trafficking Risk of irregular re-migration 1. Poverty 2. Mental Health Issues 3. Lack Of Education 4. Stigma 5. Lack Of Family Support 6. Lack Of Employment 7. Family Pressure 8. Female Gender 9. Young Age 10. Illegitimate Children Persecution: Serious Harm Trafficking 1. Sexual Exploitation And Rape, 2. Abduction, 3. Physical Violence, 4. Deprivation Of Liberty, 5. Forced Labor Or Domestic Servitude Irregular Migration 1. Sexual Violence, 2. Kidnapping, Torture, 3. Abuse And Physical Violence, 4. Deprivation Of Liberty, 5. Forced Labor Persecution: Failure of State Protection 1. Law Enforcement Approach 2. Reception and Reintegration Approach 3. No anti-trafficking legislation or not applying such legislation effectively 4. Lack of reintegration measures for returned trafficked persons 5. No anti-smuggling legislation or not applying such legislation effectively 6. Lack of reintegration measures for returned irregular migrants Nexus to Convention Grounds  Case law: PSG 'trafficked person/woman'  Suggestion: PSG 'persons in vulnerable situations'   Vulnerabilities as innate characteristics  Vulnerabilities lead to differential social perception Vulnerabilities are reasons for exposure to re-trafficking and irregular re-migration