Data and AI Sovereignty: Navigating the Legal Frontiers of the Digital Age Presented by: Professor Marina Timoteo (University of Bologna), Erasmus University Rotterdam. Data And AI: New Sovereignty Fields - Key aspects of Digital sovereignty are Digital Data sovereignty and Ai sovereignty: Data and Al are two keys of the Digital area which are deeply intertwined: "Today, successful Al algorithms need three things: big data, computing power and the work of strong Al algorithm engineers. Bringing the power of deep learning to bear on new problems requires all three, but Data is the core"...the quantity of data is fundamental in determine the power and the accuracy and the algorithms"- (Kaifu Lee) Digital Sovereignty: EU  Digital data sovereignty is more feasible and effective at the EU level, through the General Data Protection Regulation which has forced companies around the world to comply with European practices on privacy and encouraged similar regulations in other jurisdictions, including in various parts of the US and China.  A similar opportunity has been recognizing to exercise regulatory power in the area of AI. Some authors suggest that a focus on creating a European regulatory framework for ethical AI could both inspire others to emulate it and force compliance with European ideas of how to control this industry of the future. Digital Sovereignty, Data And Information: China  The National People's Congress (NPC) of China adopted on August 20, 2021 the first Chinese comprehensive data protection law, the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) which took effect on November 1, 2021  Two other laws compel the data regulatory regime: the 2017 Cybersecurity Law (CSL), which focused on establishing a uniform regulatory regime for cybersecurity and data protection, and the 2021 Data Security Law (DSL) which regulates mainly the data processing (including the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, supply and disclosure of data)  The adoption of the PIPL occurs within a year from the entering into force of the new Civil Code which includes specific provisions for the protection of personal information  The personal information norms in the Civil Code are mainly scattered in three books: art. 111 (the general provision) in the Chapter V “Civil Rights" of the first book (General Part)”, rules in the fourth book “Personality Rights”, and the special rule on " patients' personal information (art. 1226) in the seventh book “Tort Liability)".  GENERAL RULE: art.111 stipulates that personal information shall not be illegally collected, used, processed, or transmitted and that the personal information shall not be illegally traded, provided, or disclosed  In the PIPL Personal information refers to "all kinds of electronic or otherwise recorded information related to an identified or identifiable natural person" (Art. 4). This definition largely mirrors the one set forth under the Cybersecurity Law and Chinese Civil Code, which define personal information as "the various types of electronic or otherwise recorded information that can be used separately or in combination with other information to identify the natural person." (art. 1034 CC)  INFORMATION: A WIDER CONCEPT THAN DATA  The Civil Code has explicitly distinguished "data" from the concept of "personal information": art. 111 in the first book there is the general rule of "personal information"; in the fourth book of Civil Code, there are six articles about the protection of personal information, while "data" is regulated by art. 127 in the Civil Code together with virtual assets, in the chapter on civil rights. Different location arrangements reflect the attitude of Chinese lawmakers towards personal information and data.  Initiatives at the local level in order to implement the national system: e.g., creation of local markets for data trading where data can be categorized, priced and traded like other commodities. Shanghai Data Exchange which opened for trading nationwide on November 25. 2021. On the same day the Standing Committee of the Shangha Municipal People's Congress issued the Shanghai Data Regulation which implements the PIPL, CSL and DSL.  The definition of personal information in the PIPL is article 4: Personal information" means all kinds of information related to identified or identifiable natural persons that are electronically or otherwise recorded, excluding information that has been anonymized. Thus, the "anonymization" as an exclusion clause to define personal information. Digital Sovereignty: A Law Renaissance Occasion? - DS: not only a State affair - The contemporary era is calling for jurists who are new creators of law in a fully global perspective, who seek and find laws all the more so by confronting knowledge on a wider basis, initiating interdisciplinary dialogue (ethics law) and intercultural dialogue.