Navigating the Ethical Landscape of AI: A Comparative Analysis of European and Chinese Perspectives Presented by: Professor Marina Timoteo (University of Bologna), Erasmus University Rotterdam. AI And Human Touch  Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning: huge potential benefits but need of regulations  Ethical harms affecting human rights and well-being; security, privacy, accessibility, and transparency; safety and trust; social justice; lawfulness and justice; environmental harm and sustainability.  New challenges in all fields: e.g. job automation and new massive pressures on working people, full and pervasive control of machines over human beings, supremacy of data over personal rights, first of all privacy, online security, creation of new digital monopolies Ethics for AI  The issue of ethical guidelines for Al has been raised as a key point of AI strategies both in Europe and China. Ensuring an appropriate ethical and legal framework for AI is one of the pillars of the Eu Commission Communication issued on AI in April 2018 and of the New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan released by the Chinese State Council in 2017. AI - In 2017 the State Council issued the New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan where the objective of developing laws, regulations and ethical norms that promote the development of Al is stated as one of the Strategic Objectives - The Plan outlined six supporting guaranteeing measures for Al development which are: "Develop laws and regulations and ethical norms that promote the development of AI"; "Improve the key policies that support Al development"; "Establish standards and the intellectual property system for AI technology"; "Establish safety supervision and evaluation systems for AI"; "Vigorously strengthen training for the labor force working in AI"; and "Carry out a wide range of Al science activities." High-Level Expert Group on AI: Ethics Guidelines  The AI Ethics Guidelines were released in April 2019.  Starting points: fundamental rights as embraced in the EU Treaties, the EU Charter and international human rights law. However, the AI HLEG observed that any "human-centric" approach to AI requires compliance with fundamental rights, whether or not these are explicitly protected by EU treaties,  Guidelines: Four ethical principles and a list of seven requirements that Al systems should present in order to be defined as Trustworthy.  Chinese Principles And EU Key Requirements  4 ethical principles: 1. Respect for human autonomy 2. Prevention of harm 3. Fairness 4. Explicability  7 core requirements: 1. Human agency and oversight 2. Technical robustness and safety 3. Privacy and Data Governance 4. Transparency 5. Diversity, non- discrimination and fairness 6. Societal and environmental wellbeing 7. Accountability Shaping Ethical AI in China  Following the Notice of the State Council on the AI Development Plan there was the establishment of the New Generation AI Governance Expert Committee in 2019.  The committee, composed by experts from academia and the AI industry In June 2019, it released the "Principles to Develop Responsible AI for the New Generation Artificial Intelligence: Developing Responsible Artificial Intelligence" Developing Responsible Artificial Intelligence Principles - The following principles were named as rules in developing AI: 1. Harmonious and friendly, Fair and Just, Inclusive and Sharing, Respect privacy, Safe and Controllable, Shared responsibility, Open collaboration, Agile governance 2. Harmonious And Friendly AI should promote the common wealth of the human community and follow values and ethics, ensuring social safety and respecting human rights, avoiding misuse and abuse. Fair and Just: AI should promote the elimination of prejudice and discrimination. Inclusive and Sharing: AI should promote green development and should promote efforts to eliminate the digital divide and shared development should be promoted. And orderly competition should be encouraged. As for privacy, the development Al should respect and protect individual privacy, and fully protect the individual's right to know and to choose. 3. Safe and Controllable AI should continuously improve transparency, interpretability, reliability, controllability, and auditability, traceability, and trustworthiness. Shared responsibility: all the entities in Al such as developers, users, and other parties should have a high sense of social responsibility and self-discipline, and strictly abide by laws, regulations, ethics, and standards. Open collaboration: different entities in China as well as the whole world should work together to promote cooperation and formation of governance framework and standards. Agile governance: identify and resolve possible risks in a timely manner, thus ensuring that artificial intelligence always develops in a direction that is beneficial to humans.