The Protection Of Cultural Heritage In International Law

The Protection Of Cultural Heritage In International Law Presented by: Dr. Zombory Date: 30 August 2024 Cultural Heritage – Definition - COE 2005 Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society • (Faro Convention), Article 2 para. (a):  “Cultural heritage is a group of resources inherited from the past which people identify, independently of ownership, as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions.  It includes all aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time.” Types Of Cultural Heritage - Tangible cultural heritage (physical): e.g., buildings, monuments, historic places, archaeological sites, artworks, books, clothes, other artifacts (Old City of Zamość) - Intangible cultural heritage (non-physical): e.g., language, spiritual beliefs, social traditions, customs and practices, artistic expressions, folklore, traditional knowledge (Flamenco) - Natural heritage: e.g. Protected natural reserves, historic parks, cultural landscapes (Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians) Areas Of Protection - Protection of cultural property in times of conflict and war • Hague Conventions and Regulations of 1899 and 1907 • Geneva Convention IV of 1949 and its 1977 Additional Protocols I and II • UNESCO 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, and its two Protocols of 1954 and 1999. - Preventing the illicit import and export of cultural property • UNESCO 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property • - UNIDROIT 1995 Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects Protection of the world cultural heritage • UNESCO 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage • UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage • UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage • UNESCO 2005 Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Hague, 1954) - 1954 First Additional Protocol - 1999 Second Additional Protocol • Special protection regime and the enhanced protection regime to safeguard cultural heritage of great importance for humanity from acts of hostility • International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection/ International List of Cultural Property under Enhanced Protection • Cultural property under general protection • Cultural property under special protection • Cultural property under enhanced protection Protection Of World Cultural Heritage - UNESCO 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage - UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage - UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage - UNESCO 2005 Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions - Soft-law: • Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation, 1966 • Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to it, 1976 • Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice, 1978 • Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property, 1978 • Mexico City Declaration on Cultural Policies, 1982 • Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore, 1989 • Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2001 1972 World Heritage Convention Ratifications (1.07.2021) Goal Forms of international cooperation International registers 2003 Convention on Intangible Cultural Heritage 194 180 Protection of the world's Safeguarding the intangible natural and cultural heritage cultural heritage of outstanding universal value Ensuring respect for the intangible cultural heritage of the communities, groups and individuals The World Heritage Intergovernmental Committee Committee for the Safeguarding of the The World Heritage Fund Intangible Cultural Heritage Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund The World Heritage List Representative List of the (1154) Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (529) List of World Heritage in List of Intangible Cultural Danger (52) Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding (71) Human Rights Dimension Of Cultural Heritage Protection - Second half of 20th century: cultural heritage = common legacy of all humanity • - (globally) 21st century: cultural heritage = source of cultural identity for communities and • Individuals (locally) - Cultural identity → cultural human rights - Right to take part in cultural life (art. 15 para. 1 (a) ICESCR) • Rights of national minorities • Rights of indigenous peoples Protection Of Cultural Heritage In Central And Eastern Europe - M. Rampley (ed.), Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe: Contested Pasts, Contested Presents, 2012 - I. State formation and construction of national identities • Western Europe: national identity out of already existing states • C&E Europe: nation states emerged after the collapse of dynastic empires  (national identity preceded the creation of nation states) - II. Place of cultural homeland • Western Europe: cultural homeland within the modern political boundaries • C&E Europe: in many cases cultural homeland outside the modern • political boundaries • change of boundaries, displacement of population • political frontiers do not follow ethnic boundaries