Unit 3 Review Lesson 1: Skeletal Tissue

Unit 3 Review: Lesson 1: Skeletal Tissue (to review for cumulative exams) ● What are the different types of bone cells? Explain the function(s) of each cell type. ○ Osteogenic cells: stem cells that divide to creates osteoblasts ○ Osteoblasts: immature bone cells that form bone through osteogenesis ○ Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding bone matrix, they can also un-specialize back into osteoblasts ○ Osteoclasts: bone cells that break down bone into calcium through osteolysis ● Describe the histological features of bone tissues. ○ Bone tissue is a supportive connective tissue containing specialized cells and a matrix containing extracellular protein fibers in a ground substance ● List and describe the gross feature of a long bone. ○ The epiphysis is the top and bottom sections of the long bone that are made primarily of spongy bone ○ The diaphysis is the middle of the long bone made primarily of compact bone. ○ The metaphysis is between the epiphysis and diaphysis ● How are bones classified? Explore how bones are classified based on their shapes and locations and give examples for each type. ○ Sutural bones: small, flat, oddly shaped bones found in the skull ○ Irregular bones: have lots of projections and rigid surfaces like the vertebrae ○ Short bones: short, box-like bones like the carpal and tarsals in the wrist + ankles ○ Flat bones: bones that are flat like the skull, scapula and sternum ○ Long bones: long slender bones in the arms and legs like the femur and humerus ○ Sesamoid bones: small, round bones like the patella (knee) and the hands + feet ● Differentiate between the types of ossification. In general terms, describe the processes of endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. ○ Endochondral ossification: hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone (occurs mainly in long bones) ○ Intramembranous ossification: bone develops straight from mesenchymal (embryonic) tissue (flat bones and clavicles) Lesson 2: Axial Skeleton ● Describe how the skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular divisions. ○ Axial skeleton: the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage ○ Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs, clavicles, and scapula ● Identify the bones of the axial skeleton. ○ Cranial bones ■ Occipital bones ■ Parietal bones ■ Frontal bone ■ Temporal bones ■ Sphenoid bone ■ Ethmoid ○ Face bones ■ Maxillae ■ Palatine ■ Nasal bones ■ Inferior nasal conchae ■ Zygomatic bone ■ Lacrimal bone ■ Vomer ■ Mandible ○ Associated bones ■ Hyoid bone ○ Vertebral column ■ Cervical vertebrae (7 vertebrae) ■ Thoracic vertebrae (12 vertebrae) ■ Lumbar vertebrae (5 vertebrae) ■ Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) ■ Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae) ○ Ribs ■ 12 ribs (7 true ribs, 5 false ribs) ○ Sternum ● Identify the bones of the skull and sutures. ○ Skull bone i. Identify the sutures 1. Coronal suture 2. Sagittal suture 3. Lambdoid suture 4. Squamous suture ii. Identify the cranial bones, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, mastoid process (feel in your head) iii. Identify the facial bones, maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic bone iv. Identify the foramen magnum 1. The foramen magnum is the oval opening in the skull where the thoracic vertebrae enter the skull v. Identify the names and functions of paranasal sinuses 1. Frontal sinuses, ethmoid, nasal bone, sphenoid, nasal conchaes ● Describe the general structure of vertebrae and explain the primary and secondary curves. ○ Primary curves (accomodation curves): forms during fetal development, includes thoracic and sacral curves ○ Secondary curves (compensation curves): forms after birth, includes cervical and lumbar curves ● Identify the number of bones that make up the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions of the spine. ○ Cervical vertebrae (7 vertebrae) ○ Thoracic vertebrae (12 vertebrae) ○ Lumbar vertebrae (5 vertebrae) ○ Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) ○ Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae) ● Describe the atlas, axis, and features of typical cervical vertebra ○ Atlas (C1): hold up the head, point of contact between vertebrae and skull ■ Atlantoccipital joint ○ Axis (C2): point of contact between atlas and C3 ■ Atlantoaxial joint ● Describe the special characteristic features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae ○ Cervical: small oval shape vertebrae ○ Thoracic: heart shape vertebrae ○ Lumbar: large oval shape vertebrae ● Identify the parts of the rib cage and compare and contrast the various types of ribs. ○ Count the pairs of ribs, how many true ribs, false and floating ribs? What are the features? ■ 12 pairs of ribs ■ 7 true ribs ■ 5 false ribs ● Vertebrochondral ribs (8-10) ● Floating ribs (11-12) ○ Identify head, neck, costal angle, costal groove, and body of the rib bone ■ Head: has articular facets that attach to the vertebrae of the spine ■ Neck: attached to the head ■ Costal angle: curvature of body of rib ■ Costal groove: bottom of rib for muscle attachments ■ Body of rib: the rib ○ Identify sternum, sternal angle, suprasternal notch, xiphoid process. ■ Sternum: the sternum bone in the center of the chest ■ Sternal angle: the attachment site of the manubrium to the body that has a slight angle ■ Suprasternal notch: aka jugular notch, you can feel it ■ Xiphoid process: bottom bone of the sternum that is pointy Lesson 3: Appendicular Skeleton ● Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb and their prominent surface features. ○ Clavicle: extends from the sternum to the scapula, sternoclavicular joint ○ Scapula: articulates with humerus at glenoid cavity and articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint ● Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle and lower limb and their prominent surface features ○ nah ● Scapula: Identify anterior and posterior surface, spine, acromion process, glenoid cavity ○ nah ● Identify the following bones and its parts in the upper extremity: ○ Clavicle – sternal end and acromial end ○ Humerus – Proximal, distal, shaft (diaphysis), head, lateral and medial epicondyles, condyles (capitulum, trochlea) ○ Radius – Head, neck, shaft ○ Ulna – Olecranon, shaft, head, and styloid process ○ Carpals, Metacarpals, and phalanges of the hand ● Identify the following bones and its parts in the lower extremity: ○ Bones of the pelvis, anterior superior iliac spine, obturator foramen, acetabulum, and the skeletal differences between the male and female pelvis ○ Femur – Head, neck, proximal and distal end, greater and lesser trochanter, shaft, lateral and medial condyle, and epicondyle ○ Fibula – Head, shaft, lateral malleolus (how to identify medial or lateral?) ○ Tibia – Medial condyle, lateral condyle, shaft, and medial malleolus (how to identify medial or lateral, proximal and distal? ○ Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the feet ○ Patella Lesson 4: Joints ● Define a joint ○ Articulations where bones meet, some permit movement ● Compare and contrast the structural and functional classification of joints ○ Classification by structure ■ Fibrous joints ■ Cartilaginous joints ■ Bony joint ■ Synovial joints ○ Classification by function ■ Synarthrosis: immovable joint ■ Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint ■ Diarthrosis: freely movable joint (aka synovial) ● List the structure of a synovial joint and explain the functions. ○ Synovial joints are diarthrosis, they are freely movable ○ Synovial fluid is produced in synovial joints (like the knee joint) and line the joint cavity for lubrication, shock absorption, and helps supply oxygen and nutrients ● Describe how synovial joints are classified. ○ plane/gliding joints ○ Hinge joints ○ Condylar joints ○ Saddle joints ○ Pivot joints ○ Ball-and-socket joints ● Discuss the features, articulating bones, and movement of key joints (as explored in class). ○ Elbow joint - complex hinge joint ○ Knee joint - complex hinge joint ○ Shoulder joint - ball and socket joint ○ Hip joint - strong ball and socket joint ○ Intervertebral joints - between vertebrae made of hyaline and fibrocartilage ● Define the movements noted at various joints (e.g., Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, etc.) ○ Flexion: decrease angle ○ Extension: increase angle ○ Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position ○ Abduction: away from middle ○ Adduction: towards middle ○ Circumduction: circular movement of a limb ○ Medial rotation: rotation towards midline ○ Lateral rotation: rotation away from midline ○ Pronation: palms down ○ Supination: palms up (like soup) ○ Inversion: turn sole of foot medially ○ Eversion: turn sole of foot laterally ○ Dorsiflexion: elevate the foot up ○ Plantar flexion: point the toes/foot down ○ Opposition: movement of thumb to touch the fingertips ○ Reposition: moves thumb back to anatomical position ○ Protraction: moves body part forward (to anterior) ○ Retraction: moves body part backward (to posterior) ○ Depression: moving a structure inferiorly (down) ○ Elevation: moving a structure superiorly (up) ○ Lateral flexion: bending the vertebral column side to side