Chapter 1: Anatomy

NURS 106 Chapter 1 Anatomy: the study of internal and external body structures within the body Physiology: the study of the functions of the human body Gross Anatomy: involves the large structures of the body Microscopic Anatomy: involves the very small structures of the body Cytology: the study of cells Histology: the study of tissues Organ Systems Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organism More Organ Systems Anatomical Position Front facing with palms forward Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Supine: a person laying down face up Prone: a person laying down face down Mneumonic to remember anatomical regions “GLASS” Left Right Y GL A Gallbladder Liver Appendix S Stomach S Spleen S Small intestine Don’t forget large intestine! But it’s kinda in the middle Ps. Liver is above gallbladder but it ruins the acronym Anatomical relationships Sectional Anatomy Anatomical Directions Coronal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane Body Cavities · True body cavities are closed, fluid-filled, and lined by a thin tissue layer called serosa · The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity Thoracic Cavity: - contains two pleural cavities, and the mediastinum. Within the mediastinum is the pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity: - contains the peritoneal cavity and abdominal cavity, Slightly extends into the pelvic cavity viscera: the internal organs in the main cavities of the body · serous membrane lines the walls of the cavities, and serous fluid covers everything to prevent friction · The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity is called a pleura · The serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity is Visceral serosa Body cavity Parietal serosa called the pericardium Homeostasis: refers to the ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions ↳ Autoregulation: a process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts to environmental change (localized) ↳ Extrinsic regulation: a process that results from the nervous or endocrine systems (generalized) Homeostasis Requires: ① Receptor - a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change ② Control Center - which receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands ③ Effector - a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or enhances the stimulus Negative Feedback: counteracts a change · eg. ) Thermoregulation Positive Feedback: amplifies or enhances the change · eg. ) Blood clotting Any adjustments made in one physiological system will have direct or indirect effects on other systems