Unit 6 Review: The Endocrine System

NURS 106 – Unit 6 Review The Endocrine System 1. Define endocrine gland, exocrine gland and list the endocrine glands of the body. - Endocrine Gland: glands that release hormones into the bloodstream - Exocrine Gland: glands that secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces - Endocrine glands of the body: - hypothalamus - pituitary gland - pineal gland - adrenal gland - pancreas (langerhans cells) - parathyroid - ovaries - testes 2. List the general chemical categories of hormones and give examples of hormones within each category. - Amino Acid Derivatives - catecholamines - epinephrine - norepinephrine - thyroid hormones - T3 and T4 - Peptide Hormones - ADH - insulin - GH - TSH - PTH - Lipid Derivatives - steroids - testosterone - cortisol - aldosterone - eicosanoids - prostaglandins - leukotrines 3. Describe the location, histology, hormones and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis) - Anterior Pituitary = portal circulation - adenohypophysis - 7 hormones - TSH - ACTH - FSH & LH - PRL - GH - MSH - Posterior Pituitary = interior hypophyseal artery and hypophyseal veins - neurohypophysis - 2 hormones - ADH - Oxytocin 4. List the hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis - neurohypophysis: - ADH: functions to preserve water - Oxytocin: stimulates smooth muscle contraction - adenohypophysis: - TSH: stimulates the release of thyroid hormones - ACTH: affects glucose metabolism and cortisol - FSH: promotes follicle development, secretes estrogen with LH, sperm maturation - LH: ovulation, secretes estrogen with FSH, progesterone, androgens - PRL: mammary gland development and breast milk production - GH: growth hormone that increases the rate of protein synthesis - MSH: melanocytes 5. Describe the location, structure and histology of the thyroid gland. List the actions of the thyroid hormones. - located on anterior trachea - two lobes joined by isthmus - extract iodine from the blood to produce T3 and T4 from follicular cells - involved with: - metabolic regulation - growth and development - body temperature - protein synthesis - lipid metabolism - control over calcium (with C-cells that secrete calcitonin) 6. Briefly describe the parathyroid glands and the action of its hormone. - located on the back of the thyroid gland - produces and secretes PTH in response to low blood calcium - increases calcium by decreasing activity of osteoblasts and increasing the activity of osteoclasts - increases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys - prevents too little or too much calcium 7. Describe the location, structure and histology of the adrenal (suprarenal) glands. - kidney hats (on the kidneys) - consists of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla on the inside 8. Explain the subdivisions of the adrenal glands into cortex and medullary portions. - adrenal cortex consists of 3 subdivisions: - zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids - primary hormone: aldosterone - responsible for electrolyte and water balance - zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids - primary hormone: cortisol/cortisone - responsible for glucose metabolism and the body’s response to stress - zona reticularis - androgens (testosterone) - DHEA is what androgens are made of - responsible for secondary sex characteristics 9. List the hormones secreted from the adrenal glands. - adrenal cortex hormones: - aldosterone - cortisol - DHEA - adrenal medulla hormones: - epinephrine - norepinephrine 10. Describe the location, structure and histology (endocrine and exocrine portions) of the pancreas. - located in a fold in the duodenum (small intestine) - both an exocrine and endocrine organ - maintains digestion and blood sugar levels in the body - exocrine pancreas - secretes digestive juices into the intestine to digest food - endocrine pancreas - in the islets of langerhans there is 4 types of cells: - alpha cells: produce glucagon - increase blood glucose - sympathetic nervous system activation - increases glucagon breakdown and absorption in the liver - beta cells: produce insulin - decrease blood glucose - parasympathetic nervous system activation - increases glucose uptake and glucose storage - delta cells: somatostatin synthesis - PP cells: secrete polypeptide for digestion 11. Identify the location of the pineal and thymus glands and indicate their endocrine functions. - pineal gland: in the brain by the hypothalamus and secretes melatonin which regulates your circadian rhythm - thymus gland: in the upper chest behind the breastbone, development and maturation of T lymphocytes 12. Discuss the location and functions of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. - listed above 13. Describe the location and action of the hormones released by the adrenal gland. - listed above 14. Describe the types of cells found in the pancreatic islets and their hormone secretions. - listed above 15. Discuss the actions of insulin and glucagon. - listed above 16. Describe some endocrine disorders resulting from the hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones. - hyperthyroidism: - overactive thyroid - increased metabolic functions - losing weight - lots of energy - fast HR - increased sweating - warmness - most commonly caused by graves disease (autoimmune disease characterized by bulging eyes) - hypothyroidism: - underactive thyroid - decreased metabolic functions - gaining weight - very fatigued - cold - slowed HR - depression - caused by failure of thyroid, inadequate amounts of iron, may need replacement therapy with synthetic thyroid hormones 17. Discuss the etiology and clinical features of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus. - diabetes mellitus - inadequate insulin production (type 1) - lack of sensitivity to insulin (type 2) - diabetes insipidus - caused by lack of ADH which leads to large amounts of water loss and intense thirst - both have similar symptoms but different causes