Unit 1 Review Lesson 1: Introduction to A&P

Unit 1 Review: Lesson 1: Introduction to A&P ● Define the terms “Anatomy” and “Physiology” ○ Anatomy: the study of internal and external structures within the body ○ Physiology: the study of the functions of the human body ● What are the levels of organization that make up the human body? (from smallest to biggest) ○ Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism ● What are the principal systems of the human body and list representative organs of each system. ○ Nah ● What is anatomical position? ○ Front facing with palms forward ● Define the directional terms used in association with the anatomical position of the human body. ○ Supine: a person laying down face up ○ Prone: a person laying down face down ● Can you identify the principal body cavities and the organs they contain? ○ ● Name and describe the abdominopelvic quadrants. ○ RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ ○ Right hypochondriac region: liver, gallbladder ○ Right lumbar region: small and large intestines, kidneys ○ Right inguinal region: large intestine, small intestine, appendix ○ Epigastric region: stomach, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, part of small intestine ○ Umbilical region: small intestine, large intestine, part of stomach ○ Hypogastric region: large intestine, small intestine, bladder, reproductive organs ○ Left hypochondriac region: spleen, stomach ○ Left lumbar region: small and large intestines, kidneys ○ Left inguinal region: large intestine, small intestine ● Discuss the principle of homeostasis as a central theme of physiology ○ Homeostasis: refers to the ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions ● What are the components of a feedback system? ○ Negative feedback: counteracts a change ○ Positive feedback: amplifies or enhances a change until and endpoint is reached ● Describe the nature of negative and positive feedback loops and explain how these mechanisms help to maintain homeostasis. ○ Negative feedback like thermoregulation ○ Positive feedback like blood clotting Lesson 2: Chemical & Cellular Levels of Organization ● Explain the formation of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. ○ Ionic bonds: electron transfer to another atom ○ Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons ○ Hydrogen bonds: attraction between a slight positive and slight negative charge ● Define the terms carbohydrate, lipid, protein, & nucleic acid, and list their primary functions in the body. ○ Carbohydrate: an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ■ Energy source for the body ○ Lipid: contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provides twice as much energy as carbs ■ Energy storage, communication, insulation, and protection ○ Protein: organic polymers made from long chains of amino acids ■ Important for support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, and defense ○ Nucleic acid: large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (made of nucleotides) ■ Responsible for genetic information ● Describe briefly the steps of protein synthesis. ○ Dehydration synthesis: reactions join monomers to create polymers ○ Hydrolysis reactions: separates polymers back into monomers ○ Protein synthesis: amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds and the peptides join together in chains to create polypeptides ● Define a cell and identify its principal parts. ○ A cell is a cell ● Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and explain its functional significance. ○ The plasma membrane is the outer part of a cell made of a phospholipid bilayer. Cholesterol is a steroid used to stiffen the membrane ■ This is important because the phospholipid bilayer is lipid-soluble so lipid-soluble products can easily pass through ● Compare and contrast passive and active cell transport processes. ○ Passive transport ■ Diffusion: the movement of substances down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration (alcohol, fatty acids and steroids can enter plasma membranes easily because they are lipophilic) ■ Osmosis: the diffusion of water across and selectively permeable membrane (often through the use of aquaporins) ■ Facilitated diffusion: transmembrane proteins create small passages ● ● ● ● for molecules or ions that cannot easily pass through the plasma membrane ○ Active transport ■ Active transport: transport of material against the concentration gradient using ATP ● Primary active transport: energy from ATP directly ● Secondary active transport: indirect energy from somewhere else (like through carrier proteins) ■ Endocytosis: into the cell through vesicle ■ Exocytosis: out of the cell through vesicle Describe the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. ○ Stated above Describe the characteristics of active transport ○ Stated above (requires ATP) Define the term tonicity and distinguish between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. ○ Tonicity: how the solution affects the shape of the cell ○ Isotonic: no osmotic flow occurs and cell is normal size and shape ○ Hypotonic: water flows into the cell causing it to swell and possibly burst (hemolysis) ■ More solutes in cell that outside ○ Hypertonic: water flows out of the cell causing it to shrivel (crenation) ■ More solutes outside of cell than inside What are the differences and similarities between exocytosis and endocytosis? ○ One goes in and one goes out, both are forms of active transport through small membrane-bound sacs Lesson 3: Tissue Level of Organization ● What are “tissues”? ○ Collections of specialized cells and cell products that form a specific function ● Classify the tissues of the body into 4 major types. ○ Epithelial tissue ○ Connective tissue ○ Muscle tissue ○ Nervous tissue ● What are the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue? ○ Covers exposed surfaces ○ Forms glands ■ Produces glandular secretions ○ Lines internal passageways and chambers ● List the structure, location and function for the basic types of epithelial tissue. ○ Squamous ○ Cuboidal ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ Columnar ○ Transitional What are the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue? ○ They are never exposed to the outside environment List the structure, function, and location of the basic types of connective tissue. ○ Connective tissue proper ■ Connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground matrix ■ Loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, reticular ■ Dense connective tissue: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic ○ Fluid connective tissue ■ Blood and lymph ○ Supportive connective tissue ■ Cartilage and bone What is a “membrane”? ○ A barrier that lines or covers surfaces Describe the location and functions of the following types of membranes: mucous membrane (mucosa), serous membrane (serosa), cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane ○ Mucous membrane: line passageways and chambers that open to the exterior ■ Digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts ○ Serous membrane: lines the ventral body cavity (parietal) and organs (visceral) ■ Peritoneum, pleura, pericardium ○ Cutaneous membrane: the skin that covers the outside surface of your body ■ Your outside skin ○ Synovial membrane: lines joint cavities and produces synovial fluid ■ Your joints like the knee What are the three different types of muscle tissue? How do they differ with regard to structure, function and location? ○ Skeletal muscle tissue: ■ Multinucleated ■ Striated voluntary muscle ○ Cardiac muscle tissue: ■ Central nucleus ■ Striated involuntary muscle ○ Smooth muscle tissue: ■ Able to divide, one nucleus ■ Non-striated voluntary muscle What is the basic function of neural tissue? ○ Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses from one area of the body to another