Assignment: - 1 General Characters

Assignment:-1 ADE NO G Class-Aves General Characters Duethiong Draereis elled fuing Lizord/Aschaeopteryx (Aved) is called fhye Thirteen vent vertebra in the perric region of the aves unites to tem Ouestion 2 Onty gland present on skin of fHying bircks is ou ghnd or Pre or Uropygebl gland on teuil.. Question 3 Souud producing structuire in the birds is syriny (at the base of to that Question 4 Rectrias are the feathers of aves tail support & cantrol teil foati Queslion 5 Que Qe Question 6 Question 1 Ans Qyestion 8 An O Synsacrum Beak of bird is covered by a horny sheath called Rhamphothera Cive example of flightless bird birds. Kiwi, Panguins, Common estrich, Dodo, Elephant bird, kakapa et Diseuss general characters of class Aved (university Questios). Body form and division Body is boat shaped aud seduce reridtamce in an duning Bliglht. streamlined Body is divided inte four parh: Head.Neck (very long),Trunk a very short tail (UROPYCTUM) Appendages:- 2 pairs of peutadactyl limbs. Forelimbs are modije. into wings. Fugur Fingerd are generally three and modi witdinto Hiudliubs are modificed in Perching and walking or ruming or sio wing. roos generatly kave Ehase and our in sumbers skin GBO DATE Isdry aud uan-glandutar except OIL OF PREENING OY URORYGEA aland os tal. Epidenmis is atralified. ad @Body canity A Daue enterocstic coelom is present which is divided intь ontenos ismall pericondial canty and specious pentoneal canity having viscere exeept kiduey. 6 Exo- skeleton Consists f Feathery exo-skeeton which insulaters bedy ond couserves body heat. Eudo skeleton:- is entirely made up of Bones Skul is monocondylic and has Pneumatic bones to provide lightnes. Fisst vertebra fuse is callel ATLAS. And second vertebra is called AXES Sacral vertebra fuse to from synsacrum. Caudal vertebrae fesse to fomm Pygostyle. Ribs are double headed, stemum is keeled exceept Hightless birds. Vestebra are Heferocoels. Pactoral gidle iss with V-shapel furcula or wish bones or meny thought. Digesive syatem Digestive trat is complete. mouth is always bounded by a Beak covered by homg sheath known as RHAMPHITHECA. Birds are EDENTULD s. Food storing crop and masiating Cizzard are present. Alimentary camal opess oul by doacal apesture. Coaca is 3- chambered to inerease the conseratic n of water. Respiradory system The respiratory orgonds ase ony luings re Pulmenary. Que Qer GB PAGE NO DATE 0 0 → respiration. Lung have air saes which help in Double respiration and die acts as Intemal coding agents. Sound producing organ is SYRINX. Circutatory system :- Circulatory system is of dlose type; Heard is foun chambered, having two Auricles and fwo ventrictes. Bieuspid valve is formed betveen Leff- auniele and Left vente while monouspid valve is between Right auride and right venticle, Sinus venosus has marged in Right auide. Accessory chambered ares There are ouly Tiwe Aortic Arches, Right syntemie arch and Pulmonany arch. Right systemic arch cautinues behind as Dorsal Arrta. Have double Grculatery. Blood cantains WBC (leucocytes), RBC nal, B -uvex Qud uucleated. D Hepalie portal system well developed. o Renal portal ayatem is vestigial. Excretory systemExcretory orgas are pair of metamephic kidney Each kiduey is Triobed. Vricetelio excrets umic aid. Urinany blads ABBENT. Ureters opes in Coaca. Nerrous systemONS is divided into brain and spinal cord. Prain is diferentiated into ferebrain,midbrain and Hindbrain. Oikactony dobes are amallan thierr thase ore less depandent upen Braîn lias large nized eptle dobes and cerebellem as Hoeve o dependent upon sight and equitibrim. Cerebrum is divided into tuso cerebowd hemispheres and азe дтан 12 pairs of eravial nerves. Brain is covered by two meningea? membranes : inner Pia- araclma and outer Duramater. GBL FADE NO DATE R 이 0 0 이 Sense organs 1 Paired sense organs, Eyesrand Ear. Eye's are usually large and have lkeen eyesight o seen the prey other food items. Ear is formed of intemal ear having Cochlea with organ of corti but iot coiled, middle ear and extemal auditory eel canal of External ear middle ear has only one Auditory ossieles, the stapes. Nasal sac or olfactory sac have 3 nasal conchae and open by intemal nares into the bucaal canty. Taste buds are present mainly on the tongre Endocrine systemThyreid gland, Pikritory gland, Thymus gland, Panereas Gonads and GoAO Adrenal Dissue ocaurs 14 Body Temperature:- Warm- bladder blooded or Homeothermal (constant body temperature) animals. G Reproduction0 Reproduction mostly sexual 0 Generally umisexual and gonads with gonodadts seads into clooca. D 16 6 Testes are paisod and sight ovary and oviduat are losk or vedigiat in female. Femate is generally oiparows and fertiusation is intemal. DevelopmenlPolylecithal eggs whlich are shelled and cledic. Clearage is meroblastic and superficial. 6 Embryonie membrames is somrounded by embryenic membranes. eg: Amnion, chorion ete, so are called ANNIOTES. Habitat- Birds are frund in all continents. GBD PAOR NO DAT Questiong Eulist adancement of the Aves ever Reptites. Aus Characters Aves Reptiles Bedy Pemperature Homeothemal, due lo presencelpoilcilo thermal, as with no th of an insulaling coet of feathery exasketelon. coad. Locomotion Ponser of rapid socomation p more defene due to modification of fore limbs inte wings. Creeping Dype af ocomelim டு Vertebrae Heterocoelous. Procoelocs A Sacral Vesteb- Many and feased to form synsac Two in number and freе rae- rum to support ilia. Ribs Double headed and wwith ancinate processes. Monocephaloes and cth nо 6 Respiration mate process. Less efficient as no brandl intercom formed. @ Heard Meteboliesate Cerebellum Tuternalear Eyes Nasal chamb More efficient as lungs with respiratiemory bronchial inter com and double respiration. Structurally and fuctionally 4. chambered with complete sepа ration of oxygenated and deoxygenaded blood. High sos prrvides more energu for an active lifo More developmened do balance Hie bird in air during fight. with cochlee having orgen of corti so with eochtea having more hearing effileny with double accommodatim porver with eloubletirbinals and as as air cenditioners. Structerally 3-chambered. Inte tricular spetem is incompleti. some mixing occurd in thevir -riele. Low so provides less ene are Jess active. Less developed. with no cochlea and or f conti with single accomodaltion with no Durbinals. Assignment:2 GED Question1 Ans Class AvеA Cassification ond Elight adaptation Oinve outuine classificatiom of Cireds, giving one example of each order 10в Kingdom - Animalia Phylum- Chordata Sub.phylum - Vertebrata Sectiom/ Divisim- anathostomata Super class -Tetrapoda class -Aves Qub Classes 2. Neomithes ma 1. Archaeomithes eg- Archaeopteryx OFlying Lizard) missing 1. Palegognathaeе 2. Impen nae 3super Orders 3. Neognathe we 3 orders Loncter 1 Struthioniformes eg- Osbrich. 1. 8phaevisciformes Include 80 orclers. ad- 2 Casuariifomes eg- Cassosary eg- Penguins 5 Apterigifemes ey- Kivwi. > Charaekers of class Aves orter< 0 Sub-Class Archaeornithes Anciend crow like birds Ectinct jurassie birds. Teeth prersent Fossils found in Germany Firelimbs with 3. clawed digihs Ked wos 3 clawed digits. Abseut. and Tail uihiat pyposly Porwer of flight wad poor. Conneding link b/t reptiles and bixds E- Archaenptryx ( 2 0 Sub. classes : Neornitnos, Super oxder : Palaeegnathae Longs legs and neck. "Old yaw" form Specalize in rumning. Usually knew as saptites. Having 3 orders . eg Apterygifomes (Kiwi). 1. Supes. Order: Palbeognathae Order. Stouthimiformes:- Legs with & toes. Flightless and slemum lacks tev keel. Pygostyle absent Que . Feathers withoul aftershafts Pablie symphysis present Qve eg. Struthio (astrch). ३ Order.Casuarifomes . 3-toes and flightless. . Head bears a comb like stuckure 3 Stermum withoul keel. Example- Cassomary. Order- Apterigifomes:- Hair like feathers Wings vesligial Figlttess and dony billwuith nestil ear the Biр. Example - Apteryx(Kivi) of new zealand. ④Sub clas. Neornithes,super order: Impeтиое PAGE NO GBO CATE # 1 Oroder: Sphaeniscifemes:- G 0 Aquatic fligutless birds. foretimbrs are paddle like feet are webbed. Thick Jayer of fat present beneath skin. Frund in autarctica and galapogos islands. eg- Aptenedyles (penguir). Sub-class: Nermithes, super cdass: Neeognathae .Most birds and modem, usually flying. Teeth are entrely absent. wing are wel develeped andl pygostyle present. Tail vertebrae are 5 or 6. fused melacanpals. Loug Hird ftinger and abrd 13 vertebuae. Have "recent jour form ORDER-GICONIFORMESSnake like neck Long legs & pincer like beak Toes without web. Feathers are decorative Eg- Pinicoptenis( famingo). Order- Anseriformes :- Aquatic bird. Beak is broal. Tongue is fleshy. Talls and feet are short Feet are webbed. Example:- Angs (duck). PAGR MO GBD GBO Que Qex B Order FaleonifermesSharp horked beak trong curved claws. Diumal. Example - Aquila (eagle) Order. Califermes: Short flight, aame bisds. Feathers with aftershaft Feet massive adapted for seatching. Beak is shot Example Galleust guugle fowt) and Paro (peacock) Order- CuculiformesTail long. toes 3frnt and & belind. Show brood parasitiasic (female Jays eggsin nest of other female) eg-Eudynamis (Koel). ordes- Stsip-giformesNocturmal birds. Huge frontal yellow eyes. eg-Bubo lowl). Order- Coraciifermes:- Beak is stong Third and fourth tes are fesed at the base. Long tail. eg- Haloyon (Kingf Esher). Order- Psittaculiformes Panet like bido Feethers are green, yellow, blue, or red. Fet zygedaciylus Beak stout (lun toes infrent and tewo toes bekind). and hooked at tip eg- Psittacula (green parrot) @Order-Passeriformes Largest order. Feet adapled for percling and beak for cuting. 3 toes infront and one belind. GRT ey-Passer domesticus (house spormas) and corrus splendens Gen Ccrors). Order-Columbiformes:- Stkin thick and seft. Large erop prouce pigion milk to fred. offapring. Grainivoreus and frugivorous. Eg- Columba livia (blue rock pigiesn) Order- Pieiformes Protusible Jongue. Two toes infront and one behind Tail feathers are sting woith pointed tip. Tough beak. Dig inseet and larva out of wood. Eg- Dendrocopos (usood peeker). Ordes -mioropodiformes / Adapiformes- mallest birds. Legs are very shert Pointed ingg Long slender beak. ey- Hamming bird ( omalkut). PAGE NO DATE Questionz Dincuss fight araptation in class Aves. (Uni Qwestion Ans Outy vertebrates specialized so aeial made of life GBD o The super order ratitae or palaesgnathede includles the tightiesь derreatrial birds eg- Kivoi, Ostoichete, o # 0 QUE → Lere Super arder imperise or sperfisciformes imaludes marine and birds and accus in autaretic region eg- Pengin The auperorter negnaheae includes the fhying or modern g Flying birds are beavier than air machines and shour a number moophelogical, anatomical and physiologica modificalions to suit the as aeont mede of life, These are called volant adaptation. Morplualegical AdaptationsBody ShapeCreveralky apindle shaped or streamlined. Lack the extra Jateral prejetion do minimize the resistence in an dering Right. Feathery Exo-skeleton - Feathers are special integumentary denirabi and ase one of the diagnotio feature of birds, and perform fellug Ruuctions: Coutorur fenthers make the body streamlined. Form an insulating coad to prevent the loss of bedy heat. wing guill feather, called remiges provide a large and broad su avea for the air movement. Flight organsThe fer simbs are modijied into powerfa elled wings mobile neck and beak - Tremeformation of foretimbs into wings is de Compensated by the develupment of extreme mobilily of the Jong a fenbe neek for reacking food. + GBD PAGE NO The mouth is bounded by a homey beak wich help in ingention nest building et. 6 Equilibrium- ☆ shifling of light organs towards upper past of bedy aud heavy organ tousards lower. o That law ceuntre of gravity prevent the eurning of the body of a bird in the air. Steering Apparatus Shoot taip beaning a tuff of song tait quil feathes (retrices), thait assist in steering. lifting and counter bala ucing Hying. Anatmical Adaptations:- Fuight muscles musctes of hack are genes greatly reduced bet the Right muscles are gen greatly developed and highly vancular. ☆ 이 → These have long and straited musele fibaes so thal they dot endergo fatique even after prolonged activity. Lightness and rigidity of endoskeleton ught and nigid endoskeleton. Their endoskeleton is buit on hollow girder principle. Rigidity is required to resist the presen prossure of aur cument during Pighta aoia b Lightness achieved thoough folwiing adaptation: Skull bones are thin and popery. Pheumacity most of tong bones ere fined with air spacs to moре them light ouch bones me called Pneumatic bones, wlich alko dea. ses the specific gravity of the bird. GBD PADE NO DATE > 1 In segie plyeon e there are three Dupe of fight musele. Pectoralis depresser mojer These re largest size fight muedlia Their contaction caude porwerful dovonstake of wings,anse frem ventral aide of stermal keel. Pectoralis elevator muscte hese arse from anterior part of the ah uum. heir contraction cause upstrike of net the wings Accessory muscles These supplemeut the pectoratis muscles to ee or degree the wings, These are Ceraco- bracdialis longus or coraco- brachialis brevis. 2. bieeps and triceps. S. Extensor carivadialis and extensor carpiumaris o Preseuce of air saes. In birdd there is dendency towards reduction in the number of be Ligiduess is also achteved by the tess of certain organs. g! teeth, gall badder, unnany bladder and right ovary, and ovidie the female. Rigidity is aelieved through folloewring adaptations >Complete fustion of skull boes so that even the sutures are da or indistinet b/l them. > Caudal vertebrae are fured to form a small and triangular pyде нур prvide stabifity in the aix Plyaielogical adaplationDigestive syatemsydem Birds have follorcing adaptation in their dge PWOS NO GBD > > > DATE Beaks are variocsly modified to intake large amount of food in the minimum period. A maticatory gizzard with a thick cuticutar lining is developed Jo compensate the absence of tecth. Rate of digetion is very high due to Inter immediate attization f digestive juices dere to presence of twe bile ducks and three Panereatio ducts. Respiratory syotem > In birds, the rate of respiration is very high 9t is about 25-29 timers per minute. > > To compensate small sized and inelastic lungs, the birds show double respiration in uwlich the ling alvedi reccive fresh air during both Iuspiration and expiration. Air sae are Hin and distensible sacs associated with the lungs. Circulatory system Avion heart is larger in size, more pouerful and more efficient > Theis heart is four chombered cuith double circulation > > > Rote of heart beat is faster in birds lich imcrease cardiac output and blood supply to variocus organs of body. RBCs of birds have large amaunt of haemoglobin Homвothenmy birds are wam blooded or homesthemal vertebrtes Exceretory system :- Loop of theme hente is long sized. Urimary bladder is absent so that nitrogenous wasted are immediately expelled out of the body. Norvous system:- GED Brain and sense organs: Birds have to depend more on the sense of aight to socate their food n thad optio lobe of midbrain and eyes are nser dexeloped Brain is large size and well developed to co-ordinote the complex merements of wings and the feathers duning fit in birds is a techvica) These adaptation reveals that feight der wlich enablers them to explore new hobitats fer fod shelter and fo escape from the unfavousrable climalic candiwon and enemies.