AP Illustrative Examples for 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia Industrialization in Europe had made the middle east Asia market rupture, which shipbuilding was destroyed by Britain rule. This overall killed the industry for ship Industrialization in Europe had made the Middle-East Asia market rupture, as many taxes had been Iron Works in India enforced on Indian iron works, which led to the disappearance of iron factories and workers in India. Textile Production in Indian and Egypt Industrialization in Europe had made the Middle-East Asia market rupture. Although both Egypt and India had been within the textile business, British taxed ruined and hurt production, causing low and eventual no business. Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt Muhammad Ali was also committed to the industrial development of Egypt. The government set up modern factories for weaving cotton, jute, silk, and wool. 5.3| Industrial Revolution Begins Objective Key Developments Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 1900. Define Industrialization List the roots of industrialization: 1. land 2. labor 3. capital 4. Connections List how the industrial revolution impacted society: 1. Wealth 2. Production in goods 3. Standard of living 4. Healthier diets Agricultural Improvements Define Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries. What was the impact of crop rotation and the seed drill? The Seed Drill, Crop Rotation, and Selective Breeding all became parts of agriculture. This resulted in improved living conditions, swelled populations, and large enclosed farms took over. England began enclosing land, which pushed small farmers into cities. AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 Why were populations growing with industrialization? What did a bigger population mean? Because people could earn more money and the cost of goods was falling—when a factory can produce a hundred or a thousand times more of a product than can be made by hand, prices tend to fall —it became possible for more and more people to marry earlier. Preindustrial Societies. Most people live in a nuclear family, so it could be typical. ... The typical British family is often seen as the nuclear family, with two parents and their children living together. Describe the impact of Indian Cotton on Great Britain: inordertocompetewithindiancotton, investorsinbritainbegantobuildtheirnationwithcottonclothindustry.developeda cottageindustrybyusingimportedrawcottonproducedbyslavelaborintheamericas. Define Cottage Industry. a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home. What was the impact of this industry on women? Industrialization also had a major impact on the lives of women and children. Women were subjected to work the same amount of hours as men, however they got paid half of the men wages. They were often hired to do the jobs that men wanted to do, working in unsanitary and dangerous conditions. What was the major drawback to cottage industries? A major obstacle to the cottage food industry is a lack of a national cottage food law. People who want to produce and distribute food items from home are restricted in many cases by local, state and national food laws requiring certain health and safety standards. Growth of Technology Invention Sinning Jenny Inventor Description James Hargreaves James Hargreaves' 'SpinningJenny', the patent for which is shown here, would revolutionise the process of cotton spinning. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so by turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. Water Frame Richard Arkwright Impact The invention of the spinning jenny in 1764 sparked a movement that would change the lives of people worldwide. The economy had been stagnating for centuries. Eighty percent of the world's population was working in the countryside; many were malnourished, with an average life expectancy of 28 years. The first models were powered by Waterframe, In waterwheels so the textile manufacture, a device came to be spinning machine known as the water powered frame. It was the first by water that powered, automatic, produced a cotton and continuous AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 yarn suitable for warp (lengthwise threads). Patented in 1769 by R. Arkwright, it represented an improvement on James Hargreaves's spinning jenny, which produced weaker thread suitable only for weft (filling yarn). Interchangeable Parts Assembly Line Eli Whitney In 1798 Eli Whitney built a firearms factory near New Haven. The muskets his workmen made by methods comparable to those of modern mass industrial production werethe first to have standardized, interc hangeableparts. Interchangeable parts, popularized in America when Eli Whitney used them to assemble muskets in the first years of the 19th century, allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost, and made repair and replacement of parts infinitely easier. An assemblyline is a production proces s that divides labor by breaking up the manufacture of a product into steps that are completed in a pre-defined sequence. Assembl ylines were used in the late 1800s when workers used pulley systems to move products from one station to the next the immediate impact of the assembly line was revolutionary. The use of interchangeable parts allowed for continuous workflow and more time on task by laborers. Worker specialization resulted in less waste and a higher quality of the end product. Sheer production of the Model T dramatically increased Henry Ford Name and define the system that Interchangeable parts led to: Define Specialization of Labor: textile machine and enabled the move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production, kickstarting the Industrial Revolution AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 Britain’s Industrial Advantages Summarize WHY the following things were advantages for Great Britain during the time of Industrialization: ❏ RAW MATERIALS: Natural resources - Britain had large and accessible supplies of coal and iron - two of the most important rawmaterials used to produce the goods for the early Industrial Revolution. Also available was water power to fuel the new machines, harbors for its merchant ships, and rivers for inland transportation. ❏ SEAWAYS: located on the atlantic ocean and had many seaways, so the country was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods. ❏ MINERAL RESOURCES: As a developed society we are fortunate to enjoy the many benefits that lignite, uranium and industrial minerals help provide. These benefits include low-cost, reliable electricity and the materials necessary to build our homes, schools, hospitals, roads, highways, bridges and airports. ❏ IRON PRODUCTION Second, the demand for iron increased. Iron was needed to make the railway tracks, steam locomotives and the giant Watt steam engines that pumped the mines and provided energy to run factory machinery. At a later stage, iron was needed to construct the steamships. ❏ RESOURCES FROM THE COLONIES It helped them economically. England could get raw materials from the colonies as well as things like rum that could be better produced in the colonies. They could sell finished goods to the colonists. ... Having colonies helped make England look like a world power. ❏ STRONG FLEETS: The Royal Navy was by far the most powerful of the world's fleets. It kept the British Isles immune from invasion and was also primed to blockade enemy ports in time of war. Fundamentally, however, its purpose was the protection of trade. ... Any threat to Britain's naval supremacy was a threat to the nation itself. 5.4| Industrialization Spreads Objective Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time. Key Developments What three things did nations that were able to industrialize have in common? 1. Efforts to mine coal 2. industrial 3. through more efÏcient work. Spread of Industrialization France and Germany Why was the industrial revolution delayed in France (two reasons)? More troopers were needed Define Human Capital Human capital is an intangible asset or quality not listed on a company's balance sheet. It AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 can be classified as the economic value of a worker's experience and skills. This includes assets like education, training, intelligence, skills, health, and other things employers’ value such as loyalty and punctuality Who provided this human capital for the United States? Human capital refers to the Stock of skill and, expertise of a nation at a point of time. The two major sources of human capital in a country are (i) Investment in education (ii) Investment in health Education and health are considered an important input for the development of a nation. Russia Russia focused primarily on only railroad connected and political power came from economic power and saw Siberia as an underexploited region of the Russian Empire. A railway, he thought, would allow Russia to settle Siberia, harvest its natural resources, and expand trade with East Asia. What was the impact of the trans-Siberian railway? A railway, he thought, would allow Russia to settle Siberia, harvest its natural resources, and expand trade with East Asia. Witte's ideas dovetailed with those of Czar Alexander III, who saw the growth of a Russian population in Siberia as a way to secure the country's eastern border. What other Russian industries grew at this time? A Long time ago and Japan Define Defensive Modernization and summarize how Japan used it in the 19th century. Define Defensive Modernization and summarize how Japan used it in the 19th century. Consciously adapted technology and institutions developed in Europe and the US in order protect its traditional culture. 5.5| Technology in the Industrial Age Objective Key Developments Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. Describe why the distribution of goods was able to take place as the Industrial Revolution spread. The steam engine and then the internal combustion engine, powering railroads, ships, and factories, increased access to resources and increased the distribution of goods those resources helped produce What was the second industrial revolution? The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid standardization and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. What made instantaneous communication a reality? Superluminal communication is a hypothetical process in which information is sent. The impossibility of superluminal communication led Einstein, and Podolsky The Coal revolution Why was coal power to significant, and what major innovations used it? As a fuel source, coal provided a cheap and efÏcient source of power for steam engines, furnaces, and forges across the United States. As an economic pursuit, coal spurred technological innovations in mine technology, energy consumption, and transportation. Water Transportation Cotton. revolutionized sailing. List the advantages to coal powered steam engines: 1. Factories could be located anywhere. 2. Reliable power. 3. Could power large machines 4. More efÏcient way to power boats AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 5. What is a coaling station? Fuelling stations, also known as coaling stations, are repositories of fuel (initially coal and later oil) that have been located to service commercial and naval vessels Describe the evolution and significance of Iron: Fuelling stations, also known as coaling stations, are repositories of fuel (initially coal and later oil) that have been located to service commercial and naval vessels. Today, the term "coaling station" can also refer to coal storage and feeding units in fossil-fuel power stations. A Second Industrial Revolution List the innovations from the first industrial revolution: Two inventions of the 19th century, the electric telegraph and the electric telephone, made reliable instantaneous communication over great distances possible for the first time List the innovations from the second industrial revolution: Major Technological Advances of the Second Industrial Revolution. 1870s. Automatic signals, air brakes, and knuckle couplers on the railroads; the Bessemer and then the open-hearth process in the steel mills; the telephone, electric light, and typewriter. Describe the significant innovations that were possible due to oil: Eventually, geologists were brought in to find out where oil would likely be by studying surface rock formations, magnetic fields and even slight variations in gravity. One of the most important innovations in oil exploration was 3-D seismic imaging Electricity was dependent on: Electricity has many uses in our day to day life. It is used for lighting rooms, working fans and domestic appliances like using electric stoves, A/C and more. All these provide comfort to people. In factories, large machines are worked with the help of electricity. What contributed to the development of the US as an industrial nation? The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable rivers and coastal waterways, as well as the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. What linked different types of people globally? Globalization is the connection of different parts of the world. Globalization results in the expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities. As people, ideas, knowledge, and goods move more easily around the globe, the experiences of people around the world become more similar. Industrialized countries sought to protect what by doing what? Industrialized countries wanted access to raw materials. Industrialized countries wanted refueling stations for their naval vessels. Industrialized countries wanted new markets in which to sell their goods Why were interior regions of the globe opened up to exploration and migration? The vast natural resources of the US and the ability to transport them efÏciently. ... Their access to resources and markets by establishing colonies. Why were interior regions of the globe opened up to exploration and migration? Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph opened up to exploration and development. AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 5.6| Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 - 1900 Objective Key Developments Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. The Ottoman Empire Did the Ottoman Empire adopt Western ideas? This period was characterized by numerous dramatic political, social, and economic changes, which resulted in the empire shifting from an expansionist, patrimonial state into a bureaucratic empire based on an ideology of upholding justice and acting as the protector of Sunni Islam. What two things led to unrest in the Ottoman Empire? The empire was dismantled and replaced with the Republic of Turkey and other independent countries. 18391842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Describe the Ottoman Empire after World War I? Finally, after fighting on the side of Germany in World War I and suffering defeat, the empire was dismantled by treaty and came to an end in 1922, when the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, was deposed and left the capital of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in a British warship China Why was China unable to promote industrialization? The want of potential customers for products manufactured by machines instead of artisans was due to the absence of a "middle class" in Song China which was the reason for the failure to industrialize. Japan Why did Japan want to adopt Western innovations? They wanted to adopt those innovations they thought would help make it the equal of western countries. Ottoman Industrialization Describe the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s (what problems were they facing and what were the results?) Describe the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s (what problems were they facing and what were the results?) It suffered from problems of overexpansion and failure to modernize and as a result, the empire underwent palace coups weakening leadership and declining trade. How did Muhammad Ali come to power in Egypt? . between 1805 and 1811, Muhammad Ali consolidated his position in Egypt by defeating the Mamluks and bringing Upper Egypt under his control. Finally, in March 1811, Muhammad Ali had sixty-four Mamluks, including twenty-four beys, assassinated in the citadel. From then on, Muhammad Ali was the sole ruler of Egypt How did Muhammad Ali reform Egypt? As Wāli, Muhammad Ali attempted to modernize Egypt by instituting dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres. He also initiated a violent purge of the Mamluks, consolidating his rule and permanently ending the Mamluk hold over Egypt. What was the long-term results of Ali heavily taxing the poor? The government could then control the valuable cotton production and make money on the export. AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 How did Ali industrialize Egypt? Muhammad Ali, who ruled Egypt between 1805 and 1849, intervened in Egyptian markets in an attempt to foster industrialization, especially between 1812 and 1840. ... In addition, Ali supplied flax and cotton at those cheap purchase prices to domestic textile manufacturing, thus subsidizing the industry. Japan and the Meiji Restoration Why did trading states want to interact with Japan? Why did trading states want to interact with Japan? Its rising imperial powers. ... A naval squad later made the Japanese give in to U.S demands and later caused other countries to do the same thing. He caused Japanese leaders to realize the danger they and their culture were in. Who was Matthew Perry and what effect did he have on Japan? Why did many Japanese people feel as though they needed to adopt Western technology? They wanted to adopt those innovations they thought would help make it the equal of western countries. What was the Meiji Restoration? Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government)—thus ending the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867)—and, at least nominally, returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito How did the Japanese government pay for these advancements? Japan's leaders developed a new form of government that mixed Western industrial styles with their own traditions and needs. They built even more schools and changed the curriculum to train people to work in and run factories. What was a negative effect of industrialization in Japan? poor working conditions, poor living conditions, low wages, child labor, and pollution. Define zaibatsu and describe their role in Japanese industrialization. Japanese term referring to industrial and financial vertically integrated business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed control over significant parts of the Japanese economy from the Meiji period until the end of World War II.1 AP Illustrative Examples for 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10 Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) Headquartered in London, but dependent on Hong Kong and China for profits, HSBC has been affected by tensions between Washington and Beijing – and shareholder concern over its controversial acceptance of an authoritarian crackdown in its key market. Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo Stock Markets Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo Since the stock market is a vote of confidence, a crash can devastate economic growth. AMSCO Reading Guide for Unit 5 Topics 3 to 10 Lower stock prices mean less wealth for businesses, pension funds, and individual investors. Companies can't get as much funding for operations and expansion. When retirement fund values fall, it reduces consumer spending. Limited-liability Corporations Limited liability companies are corporate structures in the United States where owners are not personally liable for the company's debts or liabilities. Regulations surrounding LLCs vary from state to state. 5.7 | Economic Developments and Innovations Objective Key Developments How did the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions contribute to change between 1750 and 1900? Describe the impact of Adam Smith’s 1776 publication entitled Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith's purpose in writing The Wealth of Nations was to critique and offer an alternative to the mercantilist economic system, which he believed would eventually stifle countries' productivity. Define laissez-faire economics. policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society. . What is a transnational company? ***MAKE SURE YOU COMPLETE THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ABOVE! ** A transnational corporation is an enterprise that is involved with the international production of goods or services, foreign investments, or income and asset management in more than one country. What was the effect of transnational companies? improved education and skills. investment in infrastructure, eg new roads – helps locals as well as the TNC. help to exploit natural resources. a better developed economic base for the country. What was another way to reduce risk at this time? One way to mitigate this risk is to diversify your supply chain by spreading orders over several suppliers. Consider taking this method a step further by using suppliers that are distributed across several nations or regions to reduce the risk of unforeseen problems, such as issues with weather. Why did banking grow during industrialization? One way to mitigate this risk is to diversify your supply chain by spreading orders over several suppliers. Consider taking this method a step further by using suppliers that are distributed across several nations or regions to reduce the risk of unforeseen problems, such as issues with weather. Effect on Mass Culture A rise in living standards for some led to a culture of ___________________________ and _______________________. Why did producers begin to advertise in the 1800s? Describe why companies encouraged employees to play sports? Why did material goods and leisure entertainment become important at this time?