Neural Communication and Synaptic Transmission Quiz Part 2

67. Professor Russom is giving a talk about neurotransmitters. She tells the class that most neurotransmitters are synthesized from _____. a. hormones b. fatty acids c. glucose *d. amino acids 68. Paris is studying for a quiz on neurotransmitters. She should remember that all of the following are catecholamines except _____. a. epinephrine b. dopamine c. norepinephrine *d. serotonin 69. What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters? a. It is released before the action potential occurs. b. It is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron. *c. It is a gas. d. It is an organelle. 70. What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common? a. They all affect the same receptors. *b. They are all synthesized from the same amino acids. c. They are all released by the same neurons. d. They all are gases. 71. Riva is unable to eat eggs, milk, and peanuts. She might have altered levels of _____ as a result. a. nitric oxide b. dopamine c. glutamate *d. acetylcholine 72. The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter? a. Dopamine b. Endorphin *c. Serotonin d. Nitric oxide 73. Lita has just eaten a lot of soy, which contains tryptophan. What should she try to consume less of to potentially increase tryptophanÕs entry to the brain? *a. Phenylalanine b. Glucose c. Insulin d. Thiamine 74. Dopamine and norepinephrine are classiÞed as ____. a. second messengers b. purines c. proteins *d. catecholamines 75. Insulin increases the entry of tryptophan into the brain by ____. a. weakening the blood-brain barrier b. converting tryptophan into a compound that more easily enters the brain c. increasing metabolic activity only in those areas of the brain that use tryptophan *d. causing certain competing amino acids to enter other cells, outside the brain 76. Luis is studying for a quiz on neurotransmission. He wrote in his notes that neurotransmitters are typically stored in _____ in the _____ neuron. *a. vesicles; presynaptic b. dendrites; presynaptic c. vesicles; postsynaptic d. axons; presynaptic 77. Neuropeptides are synthesized in the ____. a. postsynaptic terminal b. presynaptic terminal *c. cell body d. dendrites 78. Although slower than an action potential, synaptic transmission is still relatively fast because ____. *a. the synaptic cleft is very narrow b. sodium ions are transported quickly c. neurotransmitters diffuse faster than electricity d. EPSPs travel faster than IPSPs 79. Vesicles are located ____. a. in postsynaptic terminals b. in dendrites *c. in presynaptic terminals d. outside of the neuron in the extracellular ßuid 80. Leeann is studying for a test on neurotransmission. She wrote in her notes that neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron when the action potential reaches the terminal and opens ______ channels. a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride *d. calcium 81. When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell? a. Sodium out of the cell b. Lithium out of the cell c. Iron into the cell *d. Calcium into the cell 82. An action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters by ____. a. blocking potassium pores in the membrane b. opening chloride pores in the membrane c. blocking iron pores in the membrane *d. opening calcium pores in the membrane 83. A neuron excretes neurotransmitters through its membrane by a process called ____. a. reuptake *b. exocytosis c. endocytosis d. synaptic diffusion 84. Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are ____. *a. released from the presynaptic neuron b. synthesized c. destroyed d. secreted into synaptic vesicles 85. What is the synaptic cleft? *a. The gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron b. A packet that stores neurotransmitter molecules for release c. A subthreshold depolarization mechanism d. The long-term storage location for calcium ions 86. What happens when a neurotransmitter is released by a presynaptic cell? a. It causes calcium to rush into the presynaptic neuron. b. It causes calcium to rush into the postsynaptic neuron. *c. The neurotransmitter passively spreads across the synaptic cleft. d. The neurotransmitter is actively transported across the synaptic cleft. 87. In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to ____ neurotransmitter(s). a. one; many b. dozens of; only one c. several; only one *d. several; many 88. The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that: a. if it runs out of one, it has others b. it can release different transmitters on different occasions *c. it can send more complex messages d. it can release one from the axonÕs terminal and one from another location along the axon 89. The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the ____. a. speed the action potential traveled down the axon b. number of branches of the presynaptic axon *c. receptors on the postsynaptic membrane d. distance between the synapse and the cell body 90. A receptor can directly open a channel and thereby exert a(n) ____ effect, or it can produce slower but longer ____ effect. a. gated; metabotropic b. ionotropic; gated c. metabotropic; ionotropic *d. ionotropic; metabotropic 91. Most of the brainÕs excitatory ionotropic synapses release ____ while the inhibitory ionotropic synapses release ____. *a. glutamate; GABA b. GABA; glutamate c. acetylcholine; GABA d. acetylcholine; dopamine 92. Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What type of effect is this? a. Metabotropic *b. Ionotropic c. Modulatory d. Orthodromic 94. Ionotropic effects are characterized by ____. *a. rapid and short-lived effects b. rapid and long lasting effects c. excitatory effects only d. inhibitory effects only 95. Which terms refers to a chemical that binds to another chemical? *a. Ligand b. Electrolyte c. Vesicle d. Autoreceptor 96. Raylene is studying for an exam on neurotransmission. She wrote in her notes that one difference between ionotropic and metabotropic effects is that _____. a. metabotropic effects are quicker and briefer b. ionotropic effects are slower and briefer c. ionotropic effects are quicker and longer lasting *d. metabotropic effects are slower and longer lasting 97. Which process is more typical of a metabotropic effect than an ionotropic effect? a. Producing inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic cell b. Inßuencing the speed of conduction by the postsynaptic cell *c. Producing long-lasting effects on the post-synaptic cell d. Controlling sensory processes 98. Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to ____ outside the membrane, and attach to ____ inside the membrane. a. calcium; potassium b. neurotransmitters; nicotine *c. neurotransmitters; G-proteins d. adenosine; nitric oxide 99. ÒSecond messengersÓ carry their messages to ____. a. the presynaptic membrane *b. areas within the postsynaptic cell c. areas within the presynaptic cell d. the surrounding glia 100. A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ____. a. has effects localized to one point on the membrane b. can inßuence activity in much of the presynaptic cell *c. can inßuence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell d. has minimal effect on the postsynaptic cell 101. Many neurons release neuropeptides mostly from the ____. a. vesicles b. nodes c. axons *d. dendrites 102. A hormone is a chemical that is ____. a. secreted by a gland to the outside world *b. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it inßuences c. capable of activating or inhibiting muscle Þbers d. a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron 103. Hormones exert their effects ____. *a. similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters b. similarly to ionotropic neurotransmitters c. by attaching to special receptors on muscle Þbers d. by being metabolized and converted via presynaptic cells 104. The anterior pituitary is composed of ____ and the posterior pituitary is composed of ____. *a. glandular tissue; neural tissue b. neural tissue; glandular tissue c. neural tissue; neural tissue d. glandular tissue; glandular tissue 105. Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ____ and released in the ____. a. anterior pituitary; bloodstream *b. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary c. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary d. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus 106. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls secretions of the ____. a. gonads b. mammary glands c. thyroid gland *d. adrenal gland 107. What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase? a. It synthesizes acetylcholine from the diet. b. It increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell to acetylcholine. c. It blocks further release of the transmitter acetylcholine. *d. It breaks acetylcholine down into components for recycling. 108. What happens to acetylcholine after it attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell? *a. It is broken down into two components. b. It is reabsorbed intact by the presynaptic cell. c. It is metabolized by the postsynaptic cell as a source of energy. d. It continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron until replaced by another neurotransmitter. 109. Dr. Edmonson is working in the lab with cultured neurons. He applies a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. What does he expect to have occur? *a. Acetylcholine will remain active in the synapse longer. b. Acetylcholine will be removed from the synapse faster. c. More acetylcholine will be released from the presynaptic cell. d. Acetylcholine will no longer be able to bind to post-synaptic receptors. 110. Reuptake is an alternative to which other process? a. Recycling of neurotransmitters *b. Breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process c. Absorbing neurotransmitters by postsynaptic neurons d. Re-releasing neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons 111. ÒTransporterÓ proteins transport neurotransmitters ____. *a. back into the presynaptic neuron b. across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron c. across the synapse back to the presynaptic neuron d. to the appropriate receptor sites 112. COMT and MAO are ____. *a. enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals b. enzymes that make catecholamines c. neurotransmitters in the same group as serotonin d. the inactive fragments of catecholamines 113. The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is ____. a. inactivation b. reuptake by the presynaptic neuron *c. diffusion d. reuptake by the postsynaptic neuron 114. Professor Leclair is giving a lecture on autoreceptors. She tells the class that _____. a. the activity of autoreceptors results in GABA being released into the synapse b. autoreceptors increase the amount of calcium that enters the axon terminal *c. activated autoreceptors decrease neurotransmitter release d. the activity of autoreceptors results in glutamate being released into the synapse 115. Autoreceptors monitor the ____. a. number of action potentials b. extracellular sodium concentration *c. amount of neurotransmitter released d. amount of reuptake 116. Describe the sequence of events that occurs in synaptic transmission. 117. Brießy compare the differences between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Include their mechanisms of action and how they explain the difference in the effects on the postsynaptic cell. 118. Brießy describe spatial summation. 119. Describe the main chemical events at a synapse. 120. Describe the main properties of neuropeptides (neuromodulators). 121. Discuss how Dr. Loewi was able to determine that communication between neurons involved a chemical messenger. 122. Elwood is studying the difference between EPSPs and IPSPs. What should he write in his notes? 123. Tennille wants to know what eating proteins, which are rich in tyrosine, might do to neurotransmitter levels. What would you tell her? 124. How are neurotransmitters removed from the synapse? 125. What is the difference between a hormone and a neurotransmitter?