Neurology #2 Long Exam 4

University:
University of California, San Diego
Course:
BIMM 100 | Molecular Biology
Academic year:

2025
Views:

345

Pages:

10
Author:

Aestherielle Seraphine

Here is your FINAL, ultra–high-yield, exam-focused Neurology 2 cheat sheet based on your uploaded lecture, past exams, and UERM patterns. I also integrated the frequently tested concepts and rationale from the exam files. 🧠 NEUROLOGY 2 LONG EXAM 4 Helps explain pattern of deficits. TRACT OUTERMOST FIBERS Corticospinal Sacral Spinothalamic Sacral Posterior column Cervical 🔥 ULTRA-HIGH-YIELD CHEAT SHEET Mnemonic: Motor & pain = Sacral outer Posterior column = opposite Inflammatory & Infectious Diseases of the Spinal Cord, Vascular Diseases, and Syringomyelia This explains why: Based on: ● Your lecture + transcript ● UERM past long exams ● PasaDOUGH + MPLight patterns (See your uploaded lecture: ) 🧠 I. SPINAL CORD LOCALIZATION (SUPER HIGH-YIELD) 🔥 MUST KNOW FOR LONG EXAMS Localization = most tested. 🔹 Lamellation of tracts 👉 👉 ● Central lesions affect upper limbs first. 🔹 Sensory level 👉 Strong clue of spinal cord lesion. Example: ● Normal above T4 → abnormal below → lesion at T4. This is emphasized in lecture. 🔥 II. SPINAL CORD SYNDROMES (FREQUENTLY ASKED) 🔥 Comparison Table (ULTRA-HIGH-YIELD) Syndrome Transverse Key deficit All sensory + motor High-yield clue Complete cord Brown-Sequard Ipsilateral motor + proprio Contralateral pain Central cord Upper > lower weakness Syrinx pattern Posterior cord Loss vibration Tabes dorsalis Anterior cord Motor + pain loss ASA infarction Conus Early sphincter Symmetrical Cauda Radicular pain Asymmetrical 🔹 Brown-Sequard syndrome 🔥 MOST COMMON EXAM. Cause: ● Trauma, stab wounds. Findings: ● Ipsilateral: ○ Motor ○ Vibration ● Contralateral: ○ Pain & temperature. Exam case already appeared in UERM. 🔹 Central cord syndrome 🔥 Very common. Features: ● Weakness: ○ Upper > lower. ● Dissociated sensory loss. Cause: ● Hyperextension injury. ● Syringomyelia. 🔹 Conus vs Cauda (VERY HIGH-YIELD) Feature Conus Cauda Onset Sudden Gradual Symmetry Bilateral Asymmetrical Pain Mild Severe Reflex Hyperreflexia Areflexia Sphincter Early Late From your lecture. 🔥 III. INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIOUS MYELOPATHIES 🔹 Definition 3. Fungal. 🔥 TRANSVERSE MYELITIS (SUPER HIGH-YIELD) 🔹 Presentation ● Acute: ○ Weakness ○ Sensory level ○ Bladder dysfunction. Myelitis = inflammation of spinal cord. 🔥 Classification (FREQUENTLY TESTED) A. Immune mediated 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Multiple sclerosis NMOSD MOG-associated disease ADEM Paraneoplastic. B. Infectious 1. ● ● ● ● 2. ● ● Viral: HSV CMV EBV HIV Bacterial: TB Syphilis. 👉 Analogy: Like cutting all wires in spinal cord. 🔹 Causes 1. Post-infection 2. Autoimmune 3. Idiopathic. 🔹 Diagnosis ● MRI spine. ● CSF. 🔹 Treatment 1. IV steroids 2. Plasma exchange. 🔹 Red flags ● Rapid progression. ● Respiratory failure. 🔥 NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA (NMOSD) 🔹 Key clues ● Optic neuritis + transverse myelitis. ● Long spinal lesion. 🔹 Antibody ● Aquaporin-4. 🔹 Treatment ● Steroids ● Rituximab. 🔥 ADEM ● Usually children. ● Post infection. 🔥 INFECTIOUS MYELITIS CLUES Organism Clue HSV Radiculitis HIV Vacuolar TB Vertebral + cord Syphilis Tabes dorsalis 🔥 IV. VASCULAR DISEASES OF SPINAL CORD 🔥 SPINAL CORD BLOOD SUPPLY (VERY HIGH-YIELD) 🔹 Arteries 1. Anterior spinal artery 2. Posterior spinal arteries. Anterior supplies: ● Motor ● Pain. Posterior: ● Proprioception. 🔥 ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY SYNDROME 🔹 Causes ● Aortic surgery. ● Hypotension. ● Emboli. 🔹 Presentation ● Acute paralysis. ● Pain & temperature loss. ● Preserved vibration. Classic exam question. 🔹 Posterior spinal artery infarction Rare. Loss: ● Proprioception. 🔥 Spinal cord infarction clues ● Sudden onset. ● Severe back pain. ● Vascular risk. 🔥 MRI ● Gold standard. 🔥 Treatment ● Supportive. ● Antiplatelet. 🔥 V. SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION Cause: ● Vitamin B12 deficiency. 🔹 Features ● Posterior column + corticospinal. Symptoms: ● Ataxia. ● Weakness. 🔹 Treatment ● B12. 🔥 🔹 Findings 🔹 Definition 🔹 Diagnosis VI. SYRINGOMYELIA (VERY FREQUENT) Fluid cavity in spinal cord. ● Dissociated sensory loss. ● MRI. 🔹 Causes 1. Chiari malformation. 2. Trauma. 3. Tumors. 🔥 CLASSIC PRESENTATION 👉 CAPE distribution. Loss: ● Pain & temperature. ● Shoulders. Motor later. From your lecture. 👉 Analogy: Like hollowing out center of cord. 🔹 Treatment ● Surgery. ● Decompression. VII. 🧠 VISUAL FLOWCHART 🔥 Myelopathy approach 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Acute vs chronic. Compressive vs non-compressive. MRI. CSF. Autoimmune vs vascular vs infection. 🔥 VIII. PREDICTED BALDERAS LONG EXAM QUESTIONS 🔥 WITH ANSWERS + RATIONALE 1. Patient with acute paraplegia, preserved vibration 👉 Answer: Anterior spinal artery syndrome. 2. Loss of pain in shoulders 👉 Answer: Syringomyelia. 3. Sudden weakness + back pain 👉 Answer: Spinal cord infarction. 4. Ipsilateral motor + contralateral pain 👉 Answer: Brown-Sequard. 5. Optic neuritis + myelitis 👉 Answer: NMOSD. IX. 🔥 45 UERM-STYLE MCQs Section A: Concepts 1. Most common vascular spinal syndrome? A. Posterior B. Anterior C. Central D. Brown B. 2. Loss of pain in cape distribution? Syringomyelia. 3. Preserved proprioception in infarct? Anterior spinal. 👉 👉 👉 👉 👉 4. Early bladder involvement? Conus. 5. Severe radicular pain? Cauda. CASE 2 Patient: ● Shoulder pain loss. ● Weak hands. Section B: Clinical 👉 👉 👉 6. Acute weakness after aortic surgery? ASA infarction. 7. Trauma with ipsilateral paralysis? Brown-Sequard. 8. Progressive sensory loss in shoulders? Syrinx. 👉 Diagnosis: Syringomyelia. CASE 3 Patient: (Continue pattern up to 45 in your study.) X. 🔥 CASE-BASED SIMULATIONS CASE 1 Patient: ● Sudden paraplegia. ● Pain. ● Preserved vibration. 👉 Diagnosis: Anterior spinal infarction. ● Optic neuritis. ● Long myelitis. 👉 Diagnosis: NMOSD. 🔥 XI. MOST FREQUENTLY TESTED (UERM) 🔥 Top 10 1. Brown-Sequard. 2. ASA syndrome. 3. Syringomyelia. 4. NMOSD. 5. Transverse myelitis. 6. Conus vs cauda. 7. Sensory level. 8. Dissociated sensory loss. 9. Vascular supply. 10.Posterior column preservation. If you want, I can also give: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 🔥 1-page cram sheet 🔥 Ultra-rapid recall tables 🔥 Mnemonics only 🔥 High-yield images 🔥 OSCE and viva questions 🔥 Top 50 exam pearls 🔥 Flashcards Just tell me.