Dongson And Bacson Hoabinh Culture

DONGSON AND BACSON HOABINH CULTURE 1. Explain the reasons why homo soloensis and hobbits experienced extinction! In various parts of the world, several ancient human fossils have been found. But, there is something special about making our country. It turns out, in Indonesia 8 types of ancient human fossils have been found. Ancient Humans in Indonesia a. Meganthropus Paleojavanicus The first is Meganthropus Paleojavanicus, which means the oldest large human from Java. This is taken from the words Mega which means big, Anthropus which means human, Paleo which means old, and Javanicus which means Java. Being called Javanicus doesn't mean they ever speak Javanese, guys, hehehe. But because it was discovered in Sangiran, Central Java by G. H. R. von Koenigswald in 1936-1941. b. Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis Well, now it's in the Pithecanthropus category, yes. There is something called Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis, meaning ape man from Mojokerto. This is taken from the words Pithecos which means ape and Anthropus which means human. Because it was found in Mojokerto, East Java, it was named Mojokertensis. Well, this isn't as tall as Meganthropus, which is said to be above 2 meters. Their height is only around 165 - 180 meters. yes. And this ancient human fossil was discovered by von Koenigswald, in 1936. According to experts, the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis fossil is believed to be the oldest, you know. c. Pithecanthropus Erectus Then, still in the same category, there is Pithecanthropus Erectus, which means an ape man with an upright body. This is taken from the word Erectus which means upright. This one was discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891, guys, in the Bengawan Solo Valley, Central Java. d. Pithecanthropus Soloensis Finally, for the third in the Pithecanthropus category there is something called Pithecanthropus Soloensis. This one was discovered by von Koenigswald and his friends in 1931 in Ngandong Village, Central Java. For those of you who have guessed, it's absolutely true! The word Soloensis means Solo, so if interpreted, Pithecanthropus Soloensis is an upright ape-man from Solo. e. Homo Wajakensis This time, we entered the third category, guys, the Homo category, which means human. So, it's not called ape man again, right? The first is Homo Wajakensis, which means man from Wajak. This is because the fossil was discovered in Wajak Village, East Java by van Rietschoten in 1889. Fun fact, this Homo Wajakensis fossil is the first fossil found in Asia, guys! f. Homo Floresiensis Then secondly, there is Homo Floresiensis, which means humans from Flores. This is because the fossil was discovered on Flores Island, Nusa Tenggara by Peter Brown in 2002, guys! So, it's still a bit warm compared to the others. Its discovery has become a topic of discussion among experts, because it is said to be Homo Floriensis, which is the ancestor of Indonesians. But what's unique is that some experts call this fossil a "Hobbit" man, guys. Because its height is only about 1 meter. g. Homo Soloensis The third is called Homo Soloensis, which means man from Solo. Again, this fossil was discovered by von Koenigswald, guys, together with his friends in 1931 in Sangiran, Central Java. Even though the names are the same as Soloensis like the previous Pithecanthropus fossil, don't get them confused, guys! Because the two are found in different areas and have different characteristics, you know. Homo Sapiens And the last one is Homo Sapiens, which means intelligent or wise humans. This is taken from the word Sapiens which means wise. Come on, can you guess who the fossil inventor is? It's really true, guys! This Homo Sapiens fossil was discovered by von Koenigswald and his friends in 1931 to 1934. Well, for Homo Sapiens, this is actually the most common category, guys. So Homo Soloensis, Wajakensis, and Floresiensis are counted as Homo Sapiens too, only each has its own characteristics. The possibility of experiencing extinction due to the limited capacity of their brains creates new strategies to adapt to nature, including limitations in using the brain to overcome various diseases that arise. But another hypothesis says that hobbit humans merged with modern humans through a process of interbreeding and argues that hobbit humans became extinct. 2. Explain the influence of Dongson and Sa Hunh Kalanay culture The influence of Bacson-Hoabinh, Dong Son, Sa Huynh culture on the Indonesian people was that in the Bachson era the emergence of bone tools, Dongson created bronze culture, and Sa Huynh gave rise to pottery culture. Discussion a. Bachson-Hoabinh culture Bachson's culture apparently expanded to the archipelago. Cultural products such as Peble (Sumatra axe) and bone tools. So, the Bacson Hoabin culture is a culture of the Mesolithic era (middle stone age). It is called Bacson Hoabin because the area of this cultural discovery is in the mountains in the Hoabin area of Tonkin Indochina. Bacson Hoabin culture entered through Malay Thailand and then spread to the archipelago. The characteristic of the stone tools of the Bacson Hoabin culture is the flaking on one or two sides of the surface of the river stone which is less than the size of a fist, and often the entire edge has sharp edges. In Indonesia, stone tools from the Bacson Hoabin culture were found in areas of Sumatra, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua (Irian Jaya). In the Java area, stone cultural tools similar to the Bacson Hoabin culture were found in the Bengawan Solo river valley area. Apart from the areas above, this culture is also found in the interior of the Minahasa Peninsula (North Sulawesi), Flores, North Maluku and others. b. Influence of Dong son Culture Has influenced the growth of metal culture in Indonesia. There is more than one important area in Indonesia to develop this culture, including: • Early metal culture in Java In the Gunung Kidul area, Yogyakarta, there are metal remains in the form of stone grave coffins (sarcophagi). It is estimated that this is a grave provision in the form of iron equipment. • Early metal culture in Sumatra. Stone graves decorated with glass beads and also a number of metal objects such as gold pins and iron spears were discovered in the Pasemah area, West Sumatra. • Early metal culture in Sumba, Nusa Tenggara We can find the culture of the people of Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara where they provide provisions in the form of metal objects which are placed next to the coffin. Apart from that, household items were also found made of metal such as vessels and small pottery. • Early metal culture in Bali. In Bali we also find burial culture like the Sumba area. They believe that this is their step to honor the spirits of their deceased ancestors c. Sa Huynh cultural influence It is an area near the coast approximately 140 km south of Tourane City, Vietnam, while Kalanay is an area in the Philippines. This culture developed in Indonesia during the colonial era with an impact on making pottery. It is very difficult for us to measure how big the effect of making pottery from the Sa HuynhKalanay culture is because Indonesia itself has known the pottery tradition since the neolithic era (the farming era). The characteristic of pottery from the Sa Huynh-Kalanay cultural heritage is found in the motif patterns which are usually woven, basket or coiled rope patterns. 3. Explain the theory of the origins of Indonesia's ancestors a. Greek Theory The Yunan theory proves that the origins of the ancestors of the Indonesian people came from Yunan, China. There are a number of experts who support this theory. The following experts are R.H Geldern, J.H.C. Kern, J.R. Foster, and J.R. Log on. In general, this theory has several main bases. First, the following theory can be supported by the discovery of old axes in the Indonesian archipelago which have similarities with old axes found in Central Asia. The following proves that there is a human migration system originating from the Central Asia region to the Indonesian Archipelago. Apart from that, the second basis underlying the opinion that Indonesian humans originated from Yunan is the discovery of similarities in the language that developed in the Archipelago with the language in Cambodia, namely Polynesian Malay. This means that the people in Cambodia came from Greece by traveling along the Mekong River. The following flow of migration continued when some of them continued their migration and arrived in the archipelago. The similarity of the Malay language with the Cham language in Cambodia shows a connection with the Yunnan plains. Yunan's theory not only received support from experts from abroad, including domestic experts, namely Moh. Ali. He proves that the origins of the ancestors of the Indonesian people were people who came from Yunan, based on allegations of migration or relocation from the Mongols to the south due to pressure from other nations, especially stronger nations. Based on Yunan's theory, the migration system follows three waves. The following three waves consist of Negrito, Proto Malay and Deutro Malay people. b. Archipelago Theory This Nusantara theory is very different from the Yunan theory. In the Nusantara theory, it is stated that Indonesian people originate from the Indonesian people themselves, not through a migration system from other places. The Nusantara theory received support from Mohammad Yamin, J. Crawford, Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana, and Gorys Keraf. The basis of the Nusantara theory includes several things. First, the Nusantara theory is based on the Malay nation being a nation that already has a high level of civilization. This view is based on the hypothesis that the Malay people have gone through a previous system of cultural development. In conclusion, the Malay people originated and developed in the archipelago, not from outside who moved to the archipelago. Then, the following theory can also be supported by the fact that the similarity between Malay and Cambodian is considered to be a coincidence. Then, the discovery of Homo soloensis and Homo wajakensis on the island of Java provides a sign that there is a possibility that the Malay people, descendants of ancient humans, came from Java. And, the final argument derived from this theory is based on language differences. This appears to originate from the Austronesian language which developed in the archipelago with the language which developed in the Central Asia region, namely the Indo-European language. c. Out of Africa Theory This theory is even more different from the two previous theories. This theory proves that Indonesian humans originated from Africa. This opinion is based on genetic studies through mitochondrial DNA research on female genes and male genes. They migrated from Africa to Australia. This theory includes saying that African humans moved from Africa to West Asia approximately 50,000-70,000 years ago. In this theory, it is stated that approximately 70,000 years ago, the earth entered the end of the glacial era when sea levels became shallower due to the water still being in the form of glaciers. At that time, it was very possible for humans to cross the ocean using only simple boats. African humans who moved to Asia split into several groups. There is a group that lives right in the Middle East (Southwest Asia). Other groups migrated along the coast of the Arabian Peninsula to India, East Asia, Indonesia and Australia. This is confirmed by the discovery of male fossils in the Lake Mungo area. There are two migration routes that humans are thought to have taken at that time, namely the route to the Nile River Valley which crossed the Sinai Peninsula then to the north via the Arabian Levant and the route via the Red Sea. d. Out of Taiwan Theory The Out of Taiwan theory has a similar view to the Out of Africa theory. The Out of Taiwan theory proves that the origins of Indonesian humans come from the Famosa Islands or Taiwan. The theory that is supported by expert Harry Truman Simanjuntak is based on a number of arguments. First, according to this theory, there is no similar genetic pattern in the chromosomes of Indonesian humans to humans in China. Then, according to this theory, the languages used and developed in the archipelago are languages from the Austronesian family. This Austronesian family was used by the ancestors of the Indonesian people who settled on the island of Formosa. 4. Explain why the stone culture is called bac sonh hoa bin and the bronze culture is called dong son! Located in the northern part of Vietnam, namely in the Bacson area of the Hoabinh mountains. Because the tools produced come from the Bascon Hoabinh culture in the form of tools made from stone. Bacson Hoabinh culture results are found in almost all regions of Southeast Asia. According to CF Gorman, many stone tools were found in northern Vietnam, namely in the Bacson area of the Hoabinh mountains. Also found were flake tools, milled stones of various sizes, while in the Xom Trai cave tools were found made of stone that had been sharpened to a sharp edge. In Indonesia, stone tools originating from the Bacson Hoabinh culture are often found in Sumatra (Lhokseumawe and Medan), Central Java (Bengawan Solo Valley), South Sulawesi (Cabbenge), Minahasa Peninsula, Flores, North Maluku, etc. The Dongson culture originates from Indochina. The assumption used is that the bronze objects were in Yunnan along with the objects found in Dongson. Although it must be proven whether these objects were made by groups from the West in order to date from the period in which they were made, one can determine whether the objects are a type of Dongson or simply imitations. If this assumption is correct, it could indicate the spread of Dongson culture to the Burmese Highlands. China's rapidly growing influence also influenced Dongson culture, especially as Chinese colonial expansion spread to Tonkin's borders. This can be seen from the decorative motifs of Dongson adding to the types of Chinese bronze objects from the era of the Warrior kingdoms. That was the main source of Dongson art which developed until the colonialism of the Han Dynasty which captured Tonkin in 2013. 111 BC. However, Dongson culture then influenced southern Indochinese culture, especially Cham art. 5. Explain the process of dongson culture entering the archipelago? Located in the northern part of Vietnam, namely in the Bacson area of the Hoabinh mountains. Because the tools produced from the Hoabinh Bascon culture are tools made of stone. Bacson Hoabinh culture results are found in almost all regions of Southeast Asia. According to CF Gorman, many stone tools were found in northern Vietnam, namely in the Bacson area of the Hoabinh mountains. Also found were flake tools, milled stones of various sizes, while in the Xom Trai cave, stone tools were found that had been sharpened to a sharp edge. In Indonesia, stone tools from the Bacson Hoabinh culture are found in Sumatra (Lhokseumawe and Medan), Central Java (Bengawan Solo Valley), South Sulawesi (Cabbenge), Minahasa Peninsula, Flores, North Maluku, etc. The Dongson culture originates from Indochina. The assumption used is that the bronze objects were in Yunnan along with the objects found in Dongson. Although it must be proven whether the following objects were made by groups from the West so that from the period in which they were made, we can determine whether the following objects are of the Dongson type or merely imitations. If this assumption is correct, it could indicate the spread of Dongson culture to the Burmese Highlands. China's rapidly growing influence also influenced Dongson culture, especially as Chinese colonial expansion spread to Tonkin's borders. This can be seen from the decorative motifs Dongson gives to the type of Chinese bronze objects from the period of the Warrior kingdoms. That was the main source of Dongson art which developed until the colonialism of the Han Dynasty which captured Tonkin in 111 BC. However, Dongson culture later influenced southern Indochinese culture, especially Cham art. The Bacson Hoabinh culture is a stone age culture originating from the Mekong river valley, Vietnam. This culture entered Indonesia approximately 10,000 to 4,000 years ago. This culture emerged in the Mesolithic era where humans still used rocks as basic materials for their tools. As one of the main cultures of the Stone Age, Bacson-Hoabinh is considered one of the centers of Stone Age culture in Southeast Asia and Indochina. The human supporters of the Bacson-Hoabinh culture are humans from the Papuan melanesoid race. The main characteristic of the BacsonHoabinh culture is the everyday tools made from stone. Generally, the stone used is river stone (river stone) which has been smoothed and also sharpened using other stones or special shale tools. These stones can also be scraped to create various other shapes. Therefore, in this era, rock tools have quite a variety of shapes and functions. Thus, the main characteristic of the Bacson-Hoabinh culture is the use of natural stones that are flaked on one or two sides.